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By:

Anusreeta Dutta

26 April 2026 at 1:22:24 pm

E20’s Water Reckoning

Maharashtra sits at the heart of India’s ethanol boom, but climate change and groundwater depletion threaten the sustainability of its biofuel ambitions. Switching to E20 petrol, which is 20 percent ethanol, is one of India’s most ambitious energy reforms in recent times. The Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) program has transformed the face of India’s sugar business by reducing crude oil imports and transportation emissions, increasing energy security, and raising farmer incomes. This change is...

E20’s Water Reckoning

Maharashtra sits at the heart of India’s ethanol boom, but climate change and groundwater depletion threaten the sustainability of its biofuel ambitions. Switching to E20 petrol, which is 20 percent ethanol, is one of India’s most ambitious energy reforms in recent times. The Ethanol-Blended Petrol (EBP) program has transformed the face of India’s sugar business by reducing crude oil imports and transportation emissions, increasing energy security, and raising farmer incomes. This change is happening in the heart of Maharashtra. Maharashtra hosts one of the largest sugar industries in the country and a large number of cooperative and corporate sugar factories. It has become an important contributor to the government’s ethanol blending target. Sugar plants have ceased to be merely sugar plants. They are becoming biofuel complexes of increasing sophistication, supplying ethanol to oil-marketing companies. The program has opened new revenue streams for mills, stabilized the price of sugar, and spurred investment in rural economies. But there’s an uncomfortable reality behind this victory. Maharashtra is also among the most water-stressed regions of India. Droughts, groundwater depletion and climate-induced variability in rainfall pose a question: Can India’s ethanol revolution be sustained if it is based on one of the world’s most water-intensive crops? Geostrategic Advantage India imports around 85 per cent of its crude oil, which continues to be an economic and geopolitical challenge to energy security. Under the National Policy on Biofuels and the EBP Programme, the government hopes to replace some of the imported gasoline with domestically generated ethanol. This program has been a big boon for Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are among states that contribute a big part of India's sugar and ethanol production. The government has pushed mills to diversify away from sugar, with incentives such as interest subsidies, guaranteed procurement by oil marketing corporations, and differential pricing for ethanol made from sugarcane juice and molasses. The advantages are clear. Ethanol has relieved the financial burden of sugar surpluses, increased the liquidity of the mills, and provided relatively stable profits to farmers. It has also contributed to India’s climate targets by replacing fossil fuels with renewable biofuels to some degree. But the long-term viability of these advances depends on an increasingly precious resource: water. The problem is not ethanol itself but the feedstock used to make it. Sugarcane has a very small share of the cultivated land in India but consumes an inordinately large amount of irrigation water. It is one of the most water-intensive crops in the country, requiring between 1,500 and 2,500 millimetres of water to grow. This will increase the divide in Maharashtra. Marathwada is a region prone to drought and water scarcity. Rainfall has become more erratic with climate change; groundwater levels continue to fall in many districts. However, with environmental constraints, sugarcane agriculture has grown over the years, as it is still one of the most profitable crops in the state due to reliable procurement and strong political support. As ethanol consumption increases, water supplies become even more strained. India’s clean energy revolution could inadvertently aggravate its water crisis if water supply is not factored into industrial planning. Questionable Assumptions Climate change has compounded the problem. Scientific forecasts predicted longer dry spells, more erratic monsoons, and more intense periods of rainfall in western and central India. These changes directly affect groundwater recharge and the reliability of irrigation. The assumption that sugarcane can be produced in unlimited quantities is increasingly questionable. Therefore, future ethanol policy should take into account both production capacity and ecological resilience. Agricultural systems that are increasingly sensitive to climate change cannot underpin a successful transition to a new energy system. Diversifying feedstock sources beyond sugarcane is vital for the long-term viability of India’s ethanol program. One of such potential alternatives is second-generation (2G) ethanol produced from agricultural residues such as rice straw, maize stalks, bamboo, and other lignocellulosic biomass. Unlike sugarcane, these feedstock sources do not require additional irrigation and also help address the growing problem of burning crop residue. Similarly, surplus maize, damaged food grains and other non-food biomass can be used to boost ethanol production without adding to the burden of water-intensive agriculture. India has begun investing in second-generation ethanol plants, but these account for an insignificant share. Further investment, technological innovation, and legislative support will be needed to scale up these technologies. This shift to more diverse feedstocks is not only an environmental one, but also one of long-term energy security. Maharashtra’s sugar lobby is politically powerful, making any talk of reducing sugarcane cultivation a controversial topic. Ethanol has brought financial security to many struggling mills, and sugar cooperatives have long influenced the state’s rural economy. But there should be no trade-off between farmers and environmental sustainability. Rural livelihoods depend on natural resources, and thus securing natural resources is central to securing rural livelihoods. India’s ethanol blending program has certainly boosted energy security, spurred investment in rural areas, and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels. But not at the cost of environmental security. Energy security matters. India’s next move in its biofuel strategy has to go beyond meeting blending mandates. Policy design should consider water sustainability, climate resilience, and resource efficiency. Future policies need to aim at fast-tracking second-generation ethanol, broadening feedstocks, bolstering watershed management, and ensuring production fits with the regional ecological carrying capacity. The true success of the E20 program will be decided if India can cut its oil imports without cutting groundwater, increasing water conflicts, or making agriculture more sensitive to climate change. Maharashtra is at the center of this struggle now. It is the ethanol capital of India and has an opportunity to show how clean energy and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand. Otherwise, today’s green fuel could become tomorrow’s water problem. (The writer is a columnist and climate researcher with experience in political research analysis, ESG research, and energy policy. Views personal.)

Bharat’s Jetson Cities, Light-years Away from Nature

Updated: Jan 20, 2025

Jetson Cities

One thing is for certain: our Bharatiya cities, the big metros and towns, are fast becoming like the ‘Jetson’ cities. For those who are unaware of Jetson cities, these were first shown in the famous Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, the Jetsons, set in the 2100s, where cities are air-tight glass globules tethered to the ground, and the only way to get in and out are the flying cars. Yes, we, the city-dwellers, aspire to tall skyscrapers, spectacular bridges, world-class tunnels, swooshing metro trains, and we are building Jetson-like flying cars. A few HD drone images here and there, during the day and at night and around twilight, and we are content that our cities have become the cynosure of our own eyes. We want our cities to be brightly lit, with neon signs, laser shows, and large billboard videos. We would then fulfil our inner desire to have a city on par with Tokyo, New York, and Shanghai.


Our buildings, designed for the next 30 years, are well air-conditioned, shielding occupants from a soupy dust bowl of brown smog, soot, particulate matter, and fine dust. It is said that most new home buyers invest at least 10% of their property’s price in enhancing the interiors, soundproofing their homes, using air purifiers and conditioners, and disconnecting from the outside world for that much-needed solace. Indeed, large builders promote their projects as close to nature amidst tranquillity. However, there is always another builder eager to get one plot of land ahead of yours to enjoy that nature. To be truthful, access to nature now comes at a premium - even the skies.


Let’s assume the working-age population is occupied in the leisure of our Jetson cities, but how many of their young school and college-going kids have seen the long arm of the Milky Way galaxy from their cities? How many have witnessed a comet zooming by? How many know about endemic plants with medicinal properties? When did they last see a chirping house sparrow? How many know that the nearest sewage drain was once a freshwater stream? When did they last find their suburban beach prettier than the resort beaches of Maldives?


The intent to ask these questions is simple: Bharat is currently at a crossroads. Pundits are enthusiastic about a cultural renaissance on the horizon. Corporate leaders, on the other hand, want us to invest hundreds of hours each week to pay our dues to the growth of the national GDP. But no one asks, if a cultural renaissance is to occur, who will generate the new understandings and insights of nature that arise typically during such a period of human advancement? No one is actually asking, for whom are we building the nation if there is no time for children, or worse, if there is no time or intent to have children. In the process of growing rich, we are about to become old. By 2047, 65% of the population under the age of 35 will grow beyond 35 all at once, and we’d have an enormous population in advanced ages with a tapering young population, a graph that looks like a banyan tree. Unfortunately, that young population will have no access to the knowledge that nature has to offer, neither flora and fauna nor the seas and the skies.


Our urbane lifestyles need tempering. Such tempering can occur only if we ensure the revival of natural sciences during this period of cultural renaissance and nation-building. Let’s not rely solely on the educational system. With Indian Knowledge Systems, constructive changes are underway, and academic curricula are poised to improve for the greater good. However, true knowledge arises only when parents and grandparents introduce children to nature. Genuine understanding also develops from extracurricular activities in schools and colleges that encourage kids to observe, journal, and act on their discoveries. On the positive side, our country’s forest cover is increasing, as announced by the government. However, efforts must be made to ensure that every school or college, whether in Mumbai, Vijayawada, Gorakhpur, Ratlam, Thrissur, Bhuj, Faridabad, Imphal, Manali, Cuttack, or Ajmer, guarantees that their students are well aware of the endemic nature of their surroundings and are regularly observing and recording data on whatever interests them. Let kids observe rivers and understand the volume of water that flows through them. Let children learn about the decline of house sparrows in their cities and what steps should be taken to revive their populations. Let them study the bees in their nearby groves and recognise the vital role these bees play in nature.


Of course, you need to learn AI, robotics, fintech, the next generation of management courses, and all the engineering bells and whistles. However, we must not leave the next generation with inadequate comprehension and skills for understanding nature. We must ensure that nature conservation is not merely lip service or a tool for politicised green activists. This can be achieved if natural sciences are given the respect they deserve at the school, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.


Indeed, I am a plebeian, and you might feel that you, too, could write a rant about the plight of our urban lives. Urban development and municipal experts have many solutions to propose, but few are willing to take action. However, that is not the issue I wish to highlight. I aim to illustrate a much larger concern—that Indian city dwellers are disoriented and devoid of nature, lacking a guiding star to lead them toward a brighter future. Our cities of Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, and Chennai have taken on characteristics reminiscent of Jetson-like cities. We show little regard for the Nagar Devata, Gram Devata, and Van Devata, who have protected the cities, towns, and forests that once surrounded us. We wait for formal governance to clean up our beaches, rivers, and ponds without making sufficient efforts to prevent pollution in the first place.


For those striving to grasp spirituality not through the Puranas and Aadi-Granth but through new-age podcasts, I recommend watching Vinay Varanasi’s podcast on Bhagavan Vishnu’s Dashavatar. If it is clear that Bhagavan Vishnu does not tolerate disregard for Bhudevi or Mother Earth, why do we, the devotees of Bhagavan Vishnu, continue to pollute our Mother Earth—her air, soil, waters, and sounds? Or have we taken Elon Musk's words at face value, assuming our next destination is Mars after destroying Earth, only to ruin Mars later, even worse than its current clinically sterile state? If that is the case, then bear with me when I say this: these Jetson cities stand on precarious pillars of ego, victimhood, apathy, and consumerism, waiting to be toppled either by the true harbingers of order or by false prophets. Therefore, teach the next generations to observe nature, appreciate our coexistence with other species, and venerate the forces of nature. By doing so, we humans will be good, at least for the next thousand years. If not, prepare for a bleak future by the end of this century.


(The author is a Space and Emerging Technology Fellow at the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology, Observer Research Foundation, Mumbai. Views personal.)

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