Commodore S.L. Deshmukh

India’s indigenous submarine AIP technology promises to sharpen stealth and strengthen the Navy’s capacity to deter threats in an increasingly contested Indo-Pacific. In submarine warfare, silence is a weapon. The submarine that remains undetected retains the initiative, forcing an adversary to search an immense expanse of ocean for a threat that may be close at hand. Yet conventional diesel-electric submarines face an enduring operational constraint: sooner or later, they must replenish the...

INS Mangrol strengthens India’s underwater defences as Chinese anti-submarine capabilities and Pakistan’s submarine fleet underscore the need for indigenous technology and coastal preparedness. The most dangerous threat to a warship is not always visible on the horizon. Lurking beneath the waves, a hostile submarine can threaten naval assets, disrupt maritime traffic and place critical infrastructure at risk without revealing its presence. For India, whose maritime interests stretch across...

Electronic chart systems have transformed maritime navigation, but their promise of safer voyages depends on reliable data and rigorous regulatory compliance. The sea has always punished navigational complacency. For centuries, mariners relied on paper charts, manual plotting and accumulated experience to steer vessels through treacherous waters. These methods remain part of maritime tradition, but modern shipping demands a more integrated approach to navigation. The Electronic Chart Display...