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By:

Rajiv Shah

22 September 2025 at 8:32:23 pm

New Alliances, New Pressures, New Fault Lines

To its west, old relationships in the Gulf are acquiring new strategic and military dimensions. Across the Atlantic, Washington is increasingly using tariffs as an instrument of foreign policy. At the same time, India holds the BRICS presidency in 2026 and prepares to host its summit when the grouping is being watched in the West as a potential challenge to the American-dominated global financial order. Individually, these developments may appear unrelated. Put together, they reveal a larger...

New Alliances, New Pressures, New Fault Lines

To its west, old relationships in the Gulf are acquiring new strategic and military dimensions. Across the Atlantic, Washington is increasingly using tariffs as an instrument of foreign policy. At the same time, India holds the BRICS presidency in 2026 and prepares to host its summit when the grouping is being watched in the West as a potential challenge to the American-dominated global financial order. Individually, these developments may appear unrelated. Put together, they reveal a larger geopolitical churn in which alliances, energy, trade, currencies and economic coercion are becoming interconnected. India finds itself almost at its centre. The emerging Saudi Arabia–Türkiye–Pakistan security equation deserves particular attention. Saudi Arabia brings enormous financial and energy influence; Türkiye possesses considerable military strength, NATO experience and an expanding defence industry; Pakistan brings a large military establishment and nuclear capability with the open support of Washington. Any arrangement containing a collective-defence commitment naturally acquires significance beyond ordinary diplomatic cooperation. Alongside it, another strategic convergence has gradually developed among India, Israel and the UAE. It would be incorrect to describe this as a formal military alliance. Yet geopolitics does not operate through defence treaties alone. India's extensive defence and technology relationship with Israel, its rapidly expanding economic and strategic partnership with the UAE, and the UAE-Israel relationship following the Abraham Accords have created considerable common ground. I2U2—bringing together India, Israel, the UAE and the United States—added another institutional dimension. Thus, without necessarily becoming opposing military camps, two interesting strategic formations are visible across West Asia: Saudi Arabia–Türkiye–Pakistan and the looser India–UAE–Israel convergence. Balancing Challenge India faces a similar balancing challenge. The Gulf is not a distant geopolitical theatre for New Delhi. Nearly nine million Indians live and work there. India's energy security, investments, trade and remittance flows are closely connected with the region. The proposed India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor also requires relative stability across this geography. Polarisation in West Asia can therefore rapidly become an Indian economic and strategic problem. There is another question Indian planners cannot ignore. If a future India-Pakistan confrontation escalates, how would any collective-defence commitment involving Pakistan be interpreted by Saudi Arabia and Türkiye? It would be alarmist to assume that either country would automatically enter a conflict against India. Saudi Arabia, in particular, has substantial economic and strategic interests in maintaining good relations with New Delhi. Nevertheless, defence planners are paid to examine possibilities before they become crises. While these equations develop in India's neighbourhood, economic pressure is emerging from Washington. The US Senate has voted 86–11 for legislation intended to increase pressure on Russia by targeting major purchasers of Russian energy. The measure could authorise tariffs reaching 100 per cent against goods from countries continuing large-scale purchases of Russian oil and gas, with India among those potentially exposed. China is powerful enough to shrug off similar challenges from the West." However this does not mean that America has already imposed a 100 per cent tariff on India. Further legislative steps remain necessary, and presidential waiver provisions are important. But the overwhelming Senate vote carries a political message that New Delhi cannot dismiss. Tariffs are no longer merely tools of trade protection; they have become instruments of geopolitical coercion. Washington's argument is understandable: revenues from Russian petroleum help sustain Moscow's economy during the Ukraine war, and reducing those revenues increases pressure on Russia. But in that case what about European countries who too were/are customers of Russian oil? India's question is equally legitimate: who should determine where India purchases the energy required by more than 1.4 billion people? If Russian crude remains commercially advantageous and helps contain domestic energy costs, New Delhi cannot reasonably be expected to make every energy decision according to another country's geopolitical priorities. Strategic partnership cannot become strategic obedience. This is where BRICS enters the larger picture. India holds the BRICS presidency in 2026 and will host its leaders at an unusually sensitive moment. BRICS is no longer merely the original grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Its expansion has considerably increased its demographic, energy and geopolitical weight. More importantly, discussions around BRICS increasingly touch a sensitive nerve in Washington: alternative payment mechanisms, local-currency trade, development finance and the possibility of gradually reducing dependence upon the dollar-dominated international financial system. The BRICS Summit this time is poised to take some decisive steps which may affect western interests especially US. (The writer is an advocate, legal, geopolitical and public policy analyst. Views personal.)

Incineration to Plasma Pyrolysis: Machines That Safeguard Public Health

Effective treatment is the shield that prevents biomedical waste from turning into a public health disaster.

In the earlier stages of biomedical waste management, we saw how waste is first segregated into colour-coded bags at the point of generation and then carefully collected and transported under strict safety measures. These steps are vital to prevent accidental exposure and to ensure that different categories of waste reach their respective processing streams without mixing. But segregation and transport alone do not neutralise the dangers hidden in biomedical waste.


It is now the operator’s job to further ‘treat’ this waste as per the protocols and specifications described in the BMW Management Rules of 1998 and 2016.


Treatment is essential to get rid of all the deadly infectious pathogens that are lingering in the tissues and fleshy parts, amputated parts, materials soaked in the blood and other body fluids, etc. Such pathogens that have been lying dormant in these organs and tissues for a long time might be waiting eagerly for an opportunity to spring back and invade and infect the healthy human body. So before they get such an opportunity, destroy them! That is the whole purpose of treatment at CBWTF. There are different types of equipment and machines used for treatment. The following is a brief introduction to these machines.


Incinerator: Incineration is a thermal process that transforms medical waste into inorganic, incombustible matter, thus leading to a significant reduction in waste volume and weight. The main purpose of any medical waste incinerator is to eliminate pathogens from waste and reduce the waste to ashes. However, certain types of medical waste, such as pharmaceutical or chemical waste, require higher temperatures for total destruction.


Medical waste incinerators typically operate at high temperatures between 900 and 1200°C. Developing countries like India usually use low-cost, high-temperature incinerators of simple design for the stabilisation of healthcare waste. The most reliable and predominant medical waste incineration technology is pyrolytic incineration, also known as controlled air incineration or double-chamber incineration. The pyrolytic incinerator comprises a pyrolytic chamber (primary chamber) and a post-combustion chamber (secondary chamber).


Most of these incinerators are diesel-fired. These incinerators are specifically used for treating the contents of yellow bags. These bags containing incinerable waste are loaded in the pyrolytic chamber through a front-opening door either manually or using a conveyor belt. In this chamber, the waste is thermally decomposed through an oxygen-deficient, medium-temperature combustion process with temperatures ranging between 800 and 900°C, producing solid ashes and gases. The gases produced in the pyrolytic chamber are burnt at high temperatures ranging between 900 and 1200°C by a fuel burner in the post-combustion chamber or secondary chamber using an excess of air to minimise smoke and odours. The flue gases from the secondary chamber then pass through air pollution control devices such as a venturi scrubber for complete elimination of particulate matter, if any. Finally, the smoke is released into the air through a 100-foot-tall stack or chimney. The ash is transported to a landfill for deep burial. Advantages of this technology include a relatively lower and affordable cost and almost a 99 per cent reduction in the volume of the waste being treated. In the past few years, technologically advanced incinerators have been manufactured in India that aim for zero pollution through emission.


Plasma Pyrolysis: This system uses a plasma-arc torch to generate the plasma energy, which can generate heat reaching temperatures as high as 1650°C to 11000°C. However, this is a relatively new technology and has very little track record. While some specific pyrolysis technologies show promise, others have not achieved performance and emission levels claimed by manufacturers, and others have not worked at all.


Whether through proven methods like incineration or newer approaches such as plasma pyrolysis, the ultimate goal remains unchanged: to eliminate pathogens, safeguard public health, and ease the environmental burden of biomedical waste. I will be exploring more technologies in my next article. Until then, wishing you a safe and healthy weekend.


(The author is an environmentalist.)

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