The Science of Gait Analysis

As facial recognition reaches its limits, the science of how we walk is emerging as a powerful new tool in forensic investigation. In today’s world, where surveillance cameras are present everywhere, identifying a suspect is no longer restricted to only fingerprints and facial recognition. Modern forensic science has shown that the way a person walks provides valuable evidence during a criminal investigation. This unique walking pattern, known as gait, has emerged as a valuable behavioural...

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As facial recognition reaches its limits, the science of how we walk is emerging as a powerful new tool in forensic investigation. In today’s world, where surveillance cameras are present everywhere, identifying a suspect is no longer restricted to only fingerprints and facial recognition. Modern forensic science has shown that the way a person walks provides valuable evidence during a criminal investigation. This unique walking pattern, known as gait, has emerged as a valuable behavioural biometric. By analysing gait from CCTV footage, forensic experts help investigators identify suspects, particularly when other methods of identification are unavailable. This makes gait analysis useful in cases involving masked offenders like kidnappings, murders, robberies, terrorist attacks and other crimes captured on surveillance cameras. Although gait analysis is now an important forensic tool, it originated in the medical field, where doctors studied walking patterns to diagnose movement disorders. Over time, researchers discovered that every individual has unique walking patterns, influenced by their age, height, body structure, injuries, habits, and footwear. Advances in video technology, computer-based analysis, and artificial intelligence have transformed gait analysis into an important scientific tool in criminal investigations. Notable Cases India has witnessed several notable cases in which gait analysis played a key role in criminal investigations. One of the most notable examples is the 2021 Saki Naka rape and murder case in Mumbai. The CCTV footage captured the accused's body movements near the crime scene. As facial recognition alone was insufficient, forensic experts compared the accused's walking patterns with the individual seen in the footage. The gait analysis report, along with CCTV evidence, witness statements and other findings, strengthened the prosecution’s case. Rather than serving as a standalone proof, gait analysis acted as corroborative evidence. Recently, during the investigation of the 2026 Ketan Agarwal murder case in Pune, investigators compared the accused’s gait with CCTV footage, as the suspect’s face was allegedly hidden with a hoodie. Investigators recreated the suspect’s walk under similar conditions to compare it with CCTV footage, highlighting how gait analysis is becoming a valuable investigative source in India when traditional methods of identification are limited. In State of Tamil Nadu v. Ponnusamy (2026 INSC 507), the Supreme Court observed that Gait analysis is a useful scientific technique for identifying suspects; however, the court also clarified that gait analysis should not be treated as the only evidence but rather should be used alongside CCTV footage, witness testimony, and other forensic findings. This approach encourages the use of scientific evidence while protecting the fairness and credibility of the judicial process. Recent scientific research highlights advanced forensic gait analysis through artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. Unlike fingerprints or facial features, gait can remain useful even when a suspect’s face is concealed or the image quality is poor. By examining factors such as stride length, walking speed, body movement and the timing of each step, experts can identify patterns that may help establish whether two video recordings show the same individual. Modern systems combine spatiotemporal and biomechanical gait measurements for analysing walking patterns, even from low-quality CCTV footage, which makes gait analysis faster, more accurate, and increases its value in criminal investigation. The growing importance of forensic gait analysis highlights the work of experts and institutions across the world. In India, experts such as Dr. T.D. Dogra and Dr. B.R. Sharma made remarkable contributions in the field of forensic science. Internationally, Professor Mark S. Nixon pioneered gait recognition research. Government organisations such as the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS), Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs), and the National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU), along with private organisations like Truth Labs, support research and the use of modern forensic technologies in criminal investigations. As forensic science continues to emerge, gait analysis opens up with new possibilities in solving crimes and delivering justice. While it only serves as one piece of the puzzle, it provides valuable clues when used with other evidence. After all, every step has a story to tell, and sometimes, that story leads investigators to the truth. (Writers are experts in forensic matters. Views personal.)

Monsoon Mismatch

Correspondent

2 hours ago

2 min read

The Centre’s decision to send teams to Maharashtra and Karnataka to assess drought conditions is a reminder of an increasingly uncomfortable paradox. Two of India’s most industrialised and economically important states are facing acute water stress even as other parts of the country are coping with an excess of it. Maharashtra has declared drought in 265 of its 358 talukas, while Karnataka is also confronting a serious shortfall. The Centre has sensibly asked states to prepare a water budget before deciding their Rabi crop plans, including a shift towards less water-intensive crops in stressed areas.

Meanwhile, Uttar Pradesh has been dealing with the opposite problem. Nearly 60 people have lost their lives following exceptionally heavy rain throughout the state, with U.P. recording rainfall 775 percent above normal over a 60-hour period. More than 1,000 houses have been damaged and large areas inundated.

The situation exposes a fundamental weakness in India’s approach to water. Climate change undoubtedly contributes to more erratic weather. But blaming every drought, flood or urban water crisis on climate change is becoming an easy substitute for examining decisions made by governments and planners. Maharashtra and Karnataka have undergone extraordinary industrial and urban expansion in past years. Cities have spread far and wide with concrete replacing open land while wetlands and water bodies have been encroached upon. Green spaces in cities like Bengaluru and Pune have steadily come under pressure. More built-up land means less rainwater infiltration and greater dependence on reservoirs and groundwater. Development has brought prosperity, but its ecological bill cannot simply be passed to the monsoon.

India therefore needs to think of water as a national resource rather than a collection of state-level problems. River basins do not respect state boundaries. One region can be desperate for water while another is struggling to contain it. That makes the case for serious, evidence-based examination of river interlinking and inter-basin transfers difficult to ignore.

Such projects are neither a universal cure nor environmentally cost-free. They require rigorous hydrological studies, ecological safeguards and agreement among states. But rejecting the idea in advance is no more sensible than treating it as a miracle solution. A country with substantial spatial variation in rainfall needs to examine every credible means of moving, storing and conserving water.

The same urgency should govern urban planning. India cannot continue cutting green cover and paving natural drainage systems, then declare surprise when cities flood or reservoirs run dry. Watersheds, forests, wetlands, lakes and urban green spaces are not decorative amenities. They are part of the country’s water infrastructure.

The immediate task is drought relief and sensible crop planning. The larger one is that India must stop treating floods and droughts as disconnected disasters and start managing water as one national system.

The Science of Gait Analysis

Monsoon Mismatch

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