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By:

Suhas B Naik-Satam

25 November 2025 at 2:24:38 pm

The Institution That Shaped Modern Indian Science

A journey from Mahendra Lal Sircar's vision to global scientific excellence. The year 2026 marks the sesquicentennial of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, the oldest institution in India devoted exclusively to fundamental scientific research. Founded on 29 July 1876 by the visionary physician and educationist Dr Mahendra Lal Sircar, IACS emerged when India lacked institutions dedicated to experimental science. Convinced that scientific inquiry was...

The Institution That Shaped Modern Indian Science

A journey from Mahendra Lal Sircar's vision to global scientific excellence. The year 2026 marks the sesquicentennial of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, the oldest institution in India devoted exclusively to fundamental scientific research. Founded on 29 July 1876 by the visionary physician and educationist Dr Mahendra Lal Sircar, IACS emerged when India lacked institutions dedicated to experimental science. Convinced that scientific inquiry was indispensable for national progress, Sircar established an institution to nurture original research by Indians while promoting scientific knowledge among the public. One hundred and fifty years later, IACS remains one of India's foremost research institutions, its history closely intertwined with the evolution of modern science in the country. The genesis of IACS reflected the intellectual ferment of the Bengal Renaissance. Trained in Western medicine yet deeply committed to India's intellectual emancipation, Sircar argued that science should be cultivated through experimentation and discovery rather than merely imported through textbooks. Inspired by institutions such as the Royal Institution of Great Britain, he envisioned a publicly supported national laboratory where Indians could pursue independent scientific research. At a time when such opportunities were scarce under colonial rule, IACS became the country's first permanent home for fundamental scientific investigation. During its early decades, the Association combined public lectures and scientific demonstrations with laboratory research, fostering an interdisciplinary culture spanning physics, chemistry and the natural sciences. Though modest in resources, it established an enduring tradition of curiosity-driven research. The defining chapter in IACS history began with the arrival of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in 1907. While serving in the Indian Finance Department, Raman spent his evenings and holidays conducting experiments at IACS on acoustics, optics and the scattering of light. On 28 February 1928, he and his collaborators announced the discovery of the inelastic scattering of light by molecules—the Raman Effect—creating a powerful spectroscopic technique that transformed the study of molecular structure. Today, Raman spectroscopy is indispensable across chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring and planetary exploration. For this achievement, Raman received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences for work conducted entirely in India. His success demonstrated that world-class scientific research could emerge from Indian laboratories. Yet IACS's scientific legacy extends far beyond Raman. Kedareswar Banerjee advanced crystallographic research through pioneering X-ray crystallography, while Satyendra Nath Bose's association with IACS enriched the intellectual environment that fostered advances in quantum physics. Meghnad Saha's theory of thermal ionisation transformed astrophysics, and together Raman, Bose and Saha established Kolkata as one of Asia's leading scientific centres. The institution also made major contributions to chemistry through Jnan Chandra Ghosh, whose work in physical chemistry laid foundations for modern chemical research in India. Following Independence, IACS expanded into chemical sciences, materials science, biological sciences and theoretical physics, reflecting the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry. Among its distinguished scientists was Asima Chatterjee, whose pioneering research on natural products chemistry and medicinal plant alkaloids transformed phytochemistry and contributed significantly to pharmaceutical science. Ajoy Ghatak further strengthened IACS's reputation through his work in fibre optics, waveguides and laser physics, while his textbooks educated generations of physicists and engineers. More recently, IACS researchers have advanced ultrafast spectroscopy, nanomaterials, renewable energy, molecular electronics, quantum materials and computational biology. Today, IACS functions as a deemed-to-be university under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Its interdisciplinary research spans the chemical, physical and biological sciences, supported by advanced facilities in spectroscopy, microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, computational modelling and materials characterisation. Its doctoral and postdoctoral programmes continue to produce scientists who contribute to universities, research laboratories and industry worldwide. The institution's enduring strength lies in its commitment to curiosity-driven research. Unlike organisations established primarily for technological development or industrial applications, IACS has consistently recognised that transformative innovation begins with fundamental scientific understanding. This philosophy, articulated by Mahendra Lal Sircar nearly 150 years ago, remains especially relevant in an era defined by quantum technologies, artificial intelligence, sustainable energy and molecular medicine. The sesquicentennial of IACS celebrates not only a remarkable institution but also the evolution of Indian science. From its modest beginnings in colonial Calcutta to its emergence as an internationally respected research institution, IACS has nurtured Nobel laureates, pioneering physicists, eminent chemists and generations of young researchers who continue to expand the frontiers of knowledge. As IACS enters its second century and a half, it carries forward Mahendra Lal Sircar's vision that science should be pursued with intellectual freedom, experimental rigour and an unwavering commitment to the advancement of humanity. Its 150-year legacy remains a powerful reminder that the greatest scientific discoveries begin with curiosity and flourish in institutions dedicated to excellence. (The writer is the Chief Executive for National Centre for Science Communicators, Mumbai. Views personal.)

Sattire With Swag

Few cases in recent memory have so starkly exposed the intersection of superstition, sexual predation and political complicity as the sordid affair surrounding Ashok Kharat. What began as a criminal investigation into a self-styled astrologer in Nashik has metastasised into a political crisis that now engulfs the state’s institutions and most worryingly, those tasked with protecting women.


The allegations are as chilling. Kharat, a retired merchant navy officer who styled himself as ‘Captain’ is accused of luring vulnerable women under the pretext of spiritual guidance and ritual healing. Once inside his office, where he operated under the innocuous name of a property dealership in the city’s upscale Canada Corner, he allegedly administered intoxicants to the victims, induced a state of submission and sexually assaulted them. He ensured silence by threatening to harm their families, coupled with invocations of occult dread to terrorize his victims. The scale of the alleged abuse is staggering. Investigators claim to have recovered footage involving dozens of women, recorded through hidden cameras installed within his premises. What emerges is not the portrait of a lone deviant but of a calculated predator exploiting belief, fear and the absence of oversight. That such an enterprise could flourish in plain sight points to a deeper social vulnerability where superstition and desperation create fertile ground for abuse.


Yet, it is the political aftershock that has transformed a heinous crime into a full-blown crisis. The focus has shifted sharply to Rupali Chakankar, the chairperson of the Maharashtra State Commission for Women who belongs to the NCP faction of late Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar. Photographs that have surfaced showing her in deferential poses before the accused, have raised troubling questions about proximity, judgment and the integrity of the office she holds.


The chairperson of a women’s commission occupies a position of moral authority. She is expected to be a bulwark against precisely the kind of exploitation that the Kharat case represents. Any suggestion of closeness to the accused, however circumstantial, fatally undermines that authority. The political class has responded with predictable ferocity. Opposition leaders have demanded Chakankar’s resignation. More damaging still are the murmurs from within her own party. Dissenting voices have gone so far as to allege that political patronage may have emboldened Kharat, and that the integrity of the investigation itself could be compromised if she remains in office.


This is where the government’s equivocation becomes untenable. The instinct to wait for inquiries to conclude is institutionally corrosive. The argument for immediate action is therefore compelling. Rupali Chakankar must be sacked without delay. Allowing her to continue would cast a long shadow over the investigation, feeding suspicions of interference and eroding trust among victims who may yet come forward. Maharashtra’s political establishment often prides itself on its progressive credentials. The Kharat case is a test of whether those claims have substance. It requires a willingness to enforce standards even when politically inconvenient.

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