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By:

Keshav Humar and Somya Soin

20 October 2024 at 11:26:24 am

India’s Forensic Blind Spot: The Case for Forensic Odontology

It is not just about solving crimes; it is about restoring identity and dignity. AI generated image Imagine the heartache when someone you care about goes missing or is lost in a disaster. The uncertainty of their fate can be unbearable. In these moments, identifying a person is not just a scientific process; it's an act of dignity, compassion, and delivering justice. Interestingly, one of the most dependable tools for this task is found right inside our mouths: our teeth. Forensic...

India’s Forensic Blind Spot: The Case for Forensic Odontology

It is not just about solving crimes; it is about restoring identity and dignity. AI generated image Imagine the heartache when someone you care about goes missing or is lost in a disaster. The uncertainty of their fate can be unbearable. In these moments, identifying a person is not just a scientific process; it's an act of dignity, compassion, and delivering justice. Interestingly, one of the most dependable tools for this task is found right inside our mouths: our teeth. Forensic odontology, or forensic dentistry, involves using teeth and dental records to identify individuals and support criminal investigations. While we typically think of dentists as caregivers for our oral health, forensic odontologists work hand in hand with police, forensic experts, and disaster response teams to establish identities and aid the justice system. Teeth, being the hardest parts of the human body, often withstand fires, explosions, natural disasters and advanced decomposition when other identifiers, like fingerprints or facial features, are destroyed. Just like fingerprints, each person's dental features, such as fillings, crowns, bridges, and even missing teeth, are unique. Sometimes, a simple smiling photograph or an old dental X-ray can be the key to solving the puzzle of someone's identity. Forensic odontology plays a vital role in situations like air crashes, train accidents, building collapses, natural disasters, burnt or badly decomposed bodies, unidentified bodies and criminal cases. For children whose identities are unknown, developing teeth can help estimate their age. While adult teeth can assist in reconstructive identification of unidentified individuals and comparative identification when missing persons’ dental records are available. Scientific identification of bite marks can be crucial in criminal investigations. In cases of severely damaged bodies, DNA from teeth can survive and confirm a person’s identity. Globally, forensic odontology is one of the three primary methods for identifying disaster victims, along with fingerprint analysis and DNA profiling. Countries like the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Germany, and the United States have robust forensic odontology services that are integral to their disaster response and law enforcement systems. In India, this field still faces challenges. Although there are trained forensic odontologists, the speciality has not yet been fully woven into disaster management and medico-legal infrastructure. Dental record maintenance is inconsistent, and there are very limited opportunities for specialists in this domain. As disasters and complex investigations become more frequent, these gaps need urgent attention. The significance of forensic odontology has been recognised by the courts as well. The Supreme Court of India acknowledged its importance in the Mukesh & Others v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2017) case, calling it an “important and indispensable science” for legal matters. Properly examined dental evidence was accepted as valuable expert testimony in the administration of justice. Public awareness is important. Everyone can contribute by preserving dental records. Don’t throw away dental prescriptions or treatment summaries. Keep copies of dental X-rays, orthodontic records, and implant details, and store digital copies securely. Inform your family where these records are kept and update them after dental treatments. Something as ordinary as a dental record today could one day help identify you or a loved one with certainty. Remember this simple truth: Your teeth are like a permanent identity card inside your mouth. Every filling, crown, and implant tells a unique story that no one else shares. Forensic odontology isn’t just about solving crimes or identifying disaster victims. It restores identities, provides closure to grieving families, aids in legal and insurance matters, ensures dignified last rites, prevents mistaken identities, and strengthens the pursuit of justice. Official recognition of this speciality, standardised dental record maintenance, and its integration into disaster response systems are no longer optional but essential steps towards building a safer, more humane, and more resilient country. (Dr. Kumar is a former IPS officer and forensic consultant to Assam government. Dr. Somya Soin is forensic odontology professional. Views personal.)

Special NIA Court judgement tomorrow

Adv. J. P. Mishra
Adv. J. P. Mishra

Mumbai: Almost 17 years after a bomb blast shook up the communally sensitive Malegaon town in Nashik, a Special Court of National Investigation Agency here will pronounce its final verdict on Thursday July 31, in the sensational case loaded with political overtones.

 

The NIA Special Judge A. K. Lahoti will deliver the much-anticipated judgement tomorrow, when all the accused in the case have been ordered to remain present in the Special Court, said Senior Advocate J. P. Mishra, representing one of the prime accused Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur.

 

“The Special Court had taken time in May to study the huge volume of documents submitted on record during the entire trial. The arguments alone went on for some six months,” the ace criminal lawyer Mishra told ‘The Perfect Voice’, as he prepared for the upcoming red-letter-day.

 

The Special Judge Lahoti had completed the final hearing on April 19 and had summoned all the accused to remain present in the Special Court today, where he disclosed the date of the day of judgement, said Adv. Mishra.

 

The explosion by a powerful bomb - planted on a scooter - took place on Sep. 29, 2008, around 9.35 pm, when Ramzan was in full swing and on the eve of Navratri festival.

 

At least seven persons were killed and 100 others were injured in the blast which came barely two months before the devastating Nov. 26/11 Mumbai terror strikes.

 

A Special Court in Mumbai conducted the trial against the prime accused who include former Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MP Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur.

 

The other accused are a retired army intelligence officer Lt. Col. Prasad Purohit, ex-army Major Ramesh Upadhyay, Sudhakar Chaturvedi, Ajay Rahirkar, Sameer Kulkarni and Sudhakar Dhar Dwivedi.

 

They were booked under sections of the Indian Penal Code and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act pertaining to committing terror act, conspiracy, murder, attempt to murder, voluntarily causing hurt and promoting enmity between two religious groups.

 

The probe was first conducted by the Nashik Police and later taken over by the Maharashtra Anti Terrorism Squad (ATS), then headed by the 26/11 hero, Hemant Karkare.

 

The ATS filed its chargesheet in 2009 but considering its ramifications, the sensitive case was transferred to the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in Dec. 2010. The NIA probed and lodged its chargesheet in May 2013 and also filed a supplementary chargesheet in 2016.

 

The Special Court framed the charges against the seven prime accused on October 30, 2018 and the trial proceeded.

 

Though the NIA investigations aligned with the ATS probe, there were differences on certain aspects and on July 31, 2009, the NIA recommended dropping charges under the stringent Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA).

 

The Special Court accepted the recommendations but the Bombay High Court reinstated the MCOCA charges on July 19, 2010.

 

The hearing of evidence in the case was concluded in Sep. 2023 after examining 323 witnesses, of whom 34 had turned hostile.

 

Others accused in the case – Pravin Takalki, Shyamlal Sahu and Shivnarayan Kalsangra – were discharged from the case for lack of evidence.

 

Two others wanted – Ramchandra Kalsangra who along with Sandeep Dange, both from Indore – for allegedly planting the bomb, reportedly died in police custody, as claimed by a suspended police official, Mehboob Mujawar.

 

Malegaon 2008 blasts – timeline:

September 29, 2008:

A powerful bomb planted on a scooter ripped through a crowded market in the minority-dominated Malegaon town, seven killed and over 100 hurt during Ramzan and ahead of Navratri festivities

 

November 4, 2008:

A serving Indian Army officer Lt. Col. Prasad S. Purohit nabbed as the case assumed political colours with the BJP-Shiv Sena slamming the Congress governments in the state and Centre of political motives

 

Probe reveals that Purohit and the other accused arrested subsequently, were allegedly involved in other terror strikes like the Modasa blast and Malegaon blast (both 2006), Mecca Masjid blast in Hyderabad and the Samjhauta Express blast (both 2007)

 

January 20, 2009:

The Maharashtra ATS filed a chargesheet against the 14 accused, naming Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur and Purohit as the key conspirators, and pointing to the involvement of a Hindu group Abhinav Bharat

 

July 31, 2009:

A Mumbai Special Court dropped the MCOCA charges against all the accused

 

July 19, 2010:

Bombay HC reinstated the MCOCA charges against all accused

 

April 13, 2011:

As the probe revealed the involvement of Hindu extremist groups, leading to the coining of a term ‘saffron terror’, the NIA took over the probe, encompassing the earlier 2006-2007 terror blasts, some of which are still being investigated

 

April 15, 2015:

Supreme Court said that the accused could not be charged under MCOCA as there was no evidence as on date and directed the trial court to decide the bail appeals of the accused on merits without applicability of MCOCA within a month

 

June 24, 2015:

The then Special Public Prosecutor Rohini Salian sparked a sensation claiming she was pressurized to ‘go soft’ in the case

 

April 17, 2017:

The NIA said in SC it would not oppose bail for Purohit as chargesheet already filed even as the charges against Thakur and five others were dropped in 2016 after the NIA told the Special Court there was no evidence against them

 

April 25, 2017:

Bombay HC grants bail to Thakur, but rejected Purohit’s bail plea, and later on Aug. 21, 2017, enlarged him on bail

 

December 27, 2017:

Special NIA Court dropped MCOCA charges against Thakur and Purohit

 

October 30, 2018:

Charges framed against the seven accused

 

October 3, 2024:

Prime accused Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur’s Senior Advocate J. P. Mishra makes a sensational claim that the Malegaon 2008 blasts may have been engineered by the outlawed SIMI.

 

July 25, 2024:

Final hearing begins in the case before the Special NIA Court

 

April 19, 2025:

Special NIA Court completes hearing and Special Judge A. K. Lahoti fixes JULY 31 as judgement day for the Malegaon 2008 bomb blast case.

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