The term ‘grooming gangs’ encompasses a range of criminal activity, from online grooming networks to organised groups where grooming is one aspect of broader delinquency. In 2023, police data revealed that 4,228 of the 1.15 lakh reported child sexual offences in the UK (3.7 percent) were group-based, with 17 percent involving grooming gangs. A task force launched by then-Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in April 2023 to tackle grooming gangs arrested over 550 suspects in its first year. However, the issue remains contentious. In January, Interior Minister Yvette Cooper announced a nationwide review and five local inquiries into grooming gang evidence, reversing earlier resistance to a national inquiry.
The controversy recently escalated when Elon Musk, through X, highlighted grooming gangs, sparking accusations of politicising the issue. High-profile cases involving groups of predominantly Pakistani men convicted of abusing young white girls continue to fuel public debate, exposing gaps in safeguarding and accountability.
Grooming gangs operate systematically across the UK, targeting mostly underage girls through calculated methods. Men running takeaways or driving taxis often exploit their networks to prey on vulnerable girls out late at night, luring them with promises of luxury, money and designer goods. Many victims are deceived into exploitative relationships framed as romantic, which often lead to sexual abuse. The pattern frequently includes introducing the girls to drugs and alcohol, furthering their dependency. Psychological manipulation and intimidation trap them in cycles of exploitation.
Among the worst cases were gangs functioning in the northern towns of Rochdale and Rotherham, but a number of others have been exposed around the country over the last 15 years in several towns and cities: Telford, Oldham, Peterborough, Keighley, Oxford and others.
For decades, evidence of child sexual abuse in Telford was ignored, leaving over 1,000 girls to be exploited. Authorities, shockingly, often blamed victims rather than perpetrators, while concerns about race deterred investigations. The abuse, ongoing since the 1980s, has been only partially addressed.
In 2012, Operation Chalice led to the conviction of seven men for sexually abusing girls as young as 13. In 2020, Operation Vapour resulted in the convictions of four more men in Telford: Mohammed Ali Sultan, Mohammad Rizwan, Shafiq Younas and Amjad Hussain. These cases underscore a long-standing failure to protect vulnerable minors.
In Oldham, a 2019 council-commissioned review delved into the role of shisha bars, taxi companies and children’s homes in the sexual abuse of minors. The name of Shabir Ahmed, the ringleader of a notorious grooming gang, stood out as he had once been employed as a welfare rights officer by Oldham Council.
The review also cited earlier investigations into grooming, including Operation Helena 2 in 2006, which responded to concerns about exploitation at a local school, and Operation Messenger, a police-led initiative aimed at preventing child sexual abuse in the area. However, survivors have criticized the scope of the review, calling for a deeper inquiry into historical abuse cases, arguing that their experiences were sidelined. In January, the home secretary ordered a review of grooming gang evidence and announced five additional local inquiries, underscoring persistent failings in tackling this grievous issue.
Rotherham gained renewed attention on January 1, 2025, when Musk highlighted the town’s grooming gangs. Between 1997 and 2013, 1,400 children were raped, beaten, trafficked and even burnt alive. An inquiry led by Professor Alexis Jay found that most perpetrators were of Pakistani origin, exposing institutional failures and widespread neglect.
Operation Stovewood, investigating abuse in Rotherham during this period, led to the conviction of seven men—Mohammed Amar, Mohammed Siyab, Yasser Ajaibe, Mohammed Zameer Sadiq, Abid Saddiq, Tahir Yassin, and Ramin Bari—who received a combined total of 106 years in prison. They lured victims with cigarettes, alcohol, and money before subjecting them to sexual assault and rape, leaving victims silenced through fear and psychological coercion.
For years, vulnerable girls in Rochdale were left at the mercy of grooming gangs as police and council officials turned a blind eye to rape and abuse, unwilling to confront the scale of the crime. A 173-page report into Operation Span, a much-criticised investigation, reviewed cases from 2004 to 2013. Commissioned by Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham, it identified 96 men still deemed a risk to children and found that of 111 cases examined, 74 showed evidence of exploitation, with serious failures in 48 instances.
The scandal first came to light in 2012, revealing that authorities had long ignored abuse rings, primarily involving Pakistani men. That year, nine men were sentenced to between four and 19 years, followed by another nine convictions in 2016. The revelations laid bare systemic neglect and a reluctance to act.
In 2020, an independent review uncovered a harrowing failure of duty in Manchester, where dozens of teenage girls, allegedly groomed and sexually abused by groups of predominantly Pakistani men, were abandoned by the very institutions meant to protect them. The review revealed that authorities, wary of unsettling the city’s delicate race relations, hesitated to pursue a comprehensive investigation.
The report spurred Operation Green Jacket launched in May 2019 to revisit allegations of grooming in south Manchester during 2004-2005—an earlier probe, shamefully halted due to “resource constraints.” Since then, police have arrested 64 suspects, though the shadow of institutional neglect still looms.
Law enforcement authorities and community leaders must summon the moral and political courage to decisively address these crimes and remedy systemic failures, eschewing excuses and half-measures. Policymakers must shed political posturing in favour of meaningful reforms. For the survivors, justice demands not only accountability but the harshest consequences for perpetrators to deter future atrocities.
(The author is a research fellow at the Institute of Conflict Management, Delhi. Views personal)
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