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By:

Anusreeta Dutta

26 April 2026 at 1:22:24 pm

One Maharashtra, Unequal Priorities

Six decades after statehood, constitutional safeguards remain necessary to bridge the gap between western Maharashtra and the regions left behind. Maharashtra is often referred to as India’s economic engine. The state, which is home to Mumbai’s financial ecosystem and Pune’s industrial corridor, contributes about 14 percent to the GDP of India. There is a long-standing dispute behind this achievement that has affected state politics for decades. Is every district in Maharashtra thriving at...

One Maharashtra, Unequal Priorities

Six decades after statehood, constitutional safeguards remain necessary to bridge the gap between western Maharashtra and the regions left behind. Maharashtra is often referred to as India’s economic engine. The state, which is home to Mumbai’s financial ecosystem and Pune’s industrial corridor, contributes about 14 percent to the GDP of India. There is a long-standing dispute behind this achievement that has affected state politics for decades. Is every district in Maharashtra thriving at the same pace? It is not just a political question. It is written into the Constitution proper. Unlike most states in India, Maharashtra has a unique constitutional provision under Article 371(2) which empowers the Governor to ensure that development funding and opportunities are equally shared between Vidarbha, Marathwada and the rest of Maharashtra. The clause was born out of fears that some areas would be forgotten once the state was established in 1960. Six decades later, the existence of this constitutional safeguard raises an uncomfortable question: why does Maharashtra need tools to balance regional development still? Regional Disparity The seeds of regional disparity were sown long before the birth of Maharashtra. Western Maharashtra had early investments in irrigation, cooperative sugar mills, educational institutions and transportation. The centres of industrial growth followed by agricultural commercialisation were Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and part of Nashik. Vidarbha and Marathwada chose the other. Agriculture was still heavily dependent on monsoon rains, industrialization was slow and irrigation coverage was less than the state averages. Regional studies in Maharashtra have repeatedly shown that irrigation intensity and agricultural yield are higher in western districts than in much of eastern Maharashtra. These differences subsequently led to calls for institutional safeguards. In contrast, in western Maharashtra, government moves are increasingly geared towards growth, not deficit reduction. The region’s success is built on industrial corridors, logistics infrastructure, urban mobility projects and advanced manufacturing clusters. Pune has emerged as a hub for vehicles, computer technology, defence production and startups. Mumbai remains a major draw for investment in metro rail networks, coastal roadways, financial services infrastructure and international business zones. Agricultural practices in western Maharashtra are in a relatively advanced stage of development. Irrigation coverage is much better than many districts in the east, so the authorities can concentrate on raising productivity, export-oriented, value-added farming and agro-processing industries. Western Maharashtra’s policy, in a nutshell, is to make competitive regions more competitive. Eastern Maharashtra is very different. Here, the Governments have not only focused on accelerating growth but also on reducing the backlog of development. The main policy question is irrigation. For many decades official studies have consistently identified irrigation as the most important factor for regional disparities. Even with dedicated funds, the backlog of irrigation in Vidarbha and Marathwada kept growing, requiring repeated interventions by successive governments. To tackle this, region-specific irrigation corporations, such as Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation (VIDC) and Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation (GMIDC) were established with a specific mandate to speed up water infrastructure projects. The Union Government has sanctioned a special irrigation package for Vidarbha, Marathwada and draught prone areas of Maharashtra, with an objective to increase irrigation potential and improve water security of the farmers. Even today, a lot of public money is spent on irrigation projects in eastern Maharashtra. Government affidavits and parliamentary replies say crores of rupees are spent every year to make up for irrigation shortfalls and to finish long-pending projects. This emphasis reflects an important reality: while the western part of Maharashtra talks about competitiveness, the eastern part of Maharashtra continues to debate water access. Another area where there are divergent approaches is industrial policy. Market forces have played a major role in the industrial expansion of western Maharashtra, a process assisted by the existing infrastructure and urbanization. In contrast, Eastern Maharashtra has frequently depended on state-led interventions to draw investment to lagging regions. Projects such as the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN), logistics corridors, special industrial incentives and infrastructure subsidies were to divert industrial expansion away from the Mumbai-Pune region. Likewise, recent government announcements have earmarked Vidarbha to become a future hub for solar energy, semiconductors, aerospace manufacturing and logistics, with Marathwada being pitched for electric vehicle and electronics investments. Whereas in western Maharashtra, the policy tends to buttress pre-existing advantages, in eastern Maharashtra the industrial policy aims to generate such advantages from the beginning. Regional Equilibrium These divisions have persisted, leading to separate institutions of governance. Vidarbha and Marathwada have statutory development boards to monitor regional imbalances and recommend corrective actions. Their emergence is an indication of a broader acceptance that market forces alone have not been adequate to promote balanced growth in Maharashtra. The second capital of Maharashtra is also Nagpur. The same ideology. The state legislature meets every winter in eastern Maharashtra to ensure that the issues concerning the region remain in the political focus. The issues discussed generally are irrigation, agriculture, tribal welfare and regional development in these sessions. The controversy over regional equity, however, is still unresolved. According to critics, despite decades of special packages and focused strategies, many irrigation projects continue to face delays, cost overruns and implementation problems. Several big projects in Vidarbha remain incomplete despite years of cash pledges. There is now a growing body of policy thinking that suggests that Maharashtra may have to give up the very terminology of backlog elimination. In its own discussion on balanced regional development, the state attaches more importance to reforms in governance, diversification of the economy and speeding up growth, than to compensatory spending. The challenge is not just building canals and roadways anymore but building lasting economic ecosystems that can hold on to talent, draw investment and create jobs beyond the traditional Mumbai-Pune boom corridor. The real test for Maharashtra will be whether future policies can turn Vidarbha and Marathwada from regions requiring special support to regions capable of driving growth on their own. Till then Maharashtra’s development story will be two stories. (The author is a columnist and climate researcher with experience in political research analysis and energy policy. Views personal.)

Seeking the Sacred: A Gen Z Pilgrim’s Mahakumbh Odyssey

Updated: Mar 3, 2025

A journey through faith, mysticism and the unexpected at the world’s largest spiritual gathering.

Gen Z Pilgrim

I’ve never been the archetypal religious person. Although I identify as a Hindu, my understanding of it is quite limited. I grew up learning a few shlokas and aartis, mostly the ones that my parents used to recite. I often prayed, sometimes even trying to bargain with God for good marks or a crush’s attention.


My view of Hinduism was shaped by my family and surroundings. I followed the rituals they did and prayed to the Gods I saw in my home. This covered a total of 10- 15 Gods from the massive repository of 330 million. I am not entirely sure what drew me to the Maha Kumbh. There were claims about it being a myth, a political masterstroke or a way to absolve one’s past misdeeds.


I’m neither politically inclined nor overly ritualistic, but curiosity got the best of me. After all, why would a third of India’s population gather at the confluence of rivers during peak winters for a mere dip!?


I had planned to spend two days in Prayag - one for the holy dip and one to visit the akharas. On the first, the only goal was reaching the Sangam. With vehicles banned from the inner city, the walk through the Kumbh Mela’s throng became an experience in itself. A vast, surging crowd moved in unison - young and old, rich and poor - towards the sacred confluence. Despite the crush, hospitality flourished. Locals distributed food and tea, helped the elderly on scooters, and reunited lost pilgrims via loudspeakers.


The Sangam was more than the meeting of rivers; it was a confluence of cultures. South Indians in veshtis, Rajasthanis in bright lehengas and pagdis, Bengalis in red-and-white sarees, and people like me, more comfortable in cargo pants - all drawn towards the same sacred waters regardless of attire. VIP boats floated nearby, but the real pilgrimage was here, shoulder to shoulder with strangers, bound by faith and the pull of something greater than themselves.


Everyone was absorbed in their own version of devotion. Some filmed vlogs and clicked pictures, others filled bottles with holy water. Some performed puja, while others tossed coins into the river - only for a few to dive in and collect them. There were those playfully splashing around, claiming they were now ‘sin-free’ and ready for fresh ones, while others kept immersing themselves over and over - perhaps as insurance for future misdeeds.


There was no single right way to dress, pray, or even behave at the Sangam. Each person followed their own belief, doing what felt right in that moment, in that sacred space.


On my way back, I saw a massive gathering of ascetics from various akharas lining up for their holy bat. Although I knew little about them, I couldn’t help but admire the striking diversity. Some were completely naked, covered in ash, and carrying weapons; others dressed in all-black, while many wore the familiar saffron robes, radiating warmth with their bright smiles.


On my way back, I saw stalls catering to every income segment - vendors sold chana and puri for as little as Rs. 10, while Domino’s offered pan pizzas for Rs. 100.


There were free tent accommodations, hundreds of mobile toilets, and water dispensers along the way. Yet, despite these arrangements, filth was inevitable. Some toilets were so foul-smelling that I wouldn’t dare to use them.


But with a third of India’s population descending upon a small city, no amount of cleaning would ever be enough without civic responsibility from the masses. It wasn’t surprising, just a stark reminder of the scale of this grand gathering.


Day two began without a clear plan. I didn’t know the names of the akharas or where to find them, and even if I did, I had no set agenda or burning questions.


Still, I made my way to the other side, where the akharas housed ascetics during the Kumbh. Being a digital native, I was familiar with some of the ‘celebrities’ of the Kumbh - the IIT Baba, the Baba with a pigeon on his head and so on.


With no specific goal, I decided to track one of them down and soon found the Baba with a pigeon on his head. He was moving swiftly from one lane to another, and a small group of us instinctively followed, trying to keep up.

We were so fixated on him that we didn’t notice shards of glass on the road. Ironically, he was the one to stop, point them out, clean them, and scold us for being too absorbed in ourselves to see potential harm to others.


Along the way, I came across many ascetics smoking marijuana and performing rituals unfamiliar to me but seemingly normal to others. Having grown up in an environment where smoking was a strict no, it was both shocking and fascinating to see a religion embrace practices that might seem unconventional but are accepted as long as they aid in the pursuit of the ultimate truth.


The next akhara I visited was one often linked to the mysterious and the unknown - the Aghor Akhara. Men dressed in black, rudraksha malas around their necks, kohl-rimmed eyes, and skulls placed around their sacred space. Despite their intimidating appearance, they sat patiently, answering every question posed by curious visitors. Even those associated with so-called ‘dark sciences’ welcomed open conversations with anyone willing to engage. I was lucky to witness a small music event inside the akhara, where men and women sang an aarti dedicated to Lord Shiva. Music and dance have always been an integral part of our culture, but seeing this fusion of melodious devotion intertwined with what I had previously perceived as ‘dark sciences’ helped shatter my long-held stereotypes.


Right next to this akhara was ISKCON, known for the bhakti pathway and its global following. Their setup was entirely dedicated to Krishna, complete with life-like statues of the God to enhance the experience. Here too, people were singing and dancing, but in a more public, celebratory manner. Finally, I visited the Nath akhara which was filled with ascetics dressed in saffron, each minding their own. I even received an appy juice as prasad and had some enlightening conversation with one of the ascetics who patiently answered every question I posed.


Each akhara I visited had its own traditions, distinct ways of praying, dressing, and even different chosen deities. Shiva, Vishnu, Krishna, Kali, Guru Gobind Singh - all had dedicated akharas. Yet, despite their differences, they coexisted peacefully, without debates over whose God or method was superior.


Not every ascetic isolated themselves in a Himalayan cave for years, meditating until they re-emerge at the Kumbh to observe the world. Some travelled across India, organizing fairs to uplift local economies, engaging in charity, or even taking on roles of social and political leadership. Many had advanced degrees, Instagram accounts and active WhatsApp numbers. They were ordinary people who had chosen a spiritual life over a conventional one.


Shashi Tharoor described Hinduism as a henotheistic religion, one that focuses on a supreme principle while respecting the existence of multiple deities and pathways. The Kumbh is a celebration of this diversity - where every path is respected, every seeker accepted and every sincere contribution to understanding the ultimate truth is celebrated. Hinduism isn’t a one-size-fits-all faith; it offers the freedom to choose the path that resonates most with an individual. The foundation remains the same, but the paths are many and within them lies the essence of true spiritual liberty.


(The author is an MBA from IIM Calcutta. She is currently working at Boston Consulting Group, Mumbai. A dedicated dancer for over 14 years she is passionate about exploring new places and experiences.)

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