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By:

Asha Tripathi

14 April 2025 at 1:35:28 pm

The Changing Face of Education in India

Education is no longer limited to textbooks, with students gaining access to vast knowledge through digital platforms and online learning. The Indian education system has undergone a remarkable transformation over the years. From traditional gurukul-based learning to a highly structured, policy-driven, and technology-enabled system, the journey reflects India’s social, economic, and cultural evolution. Education has played a central role in shaping generations of learners, adapting...

The Changing Face of Education in India

Education is no longer limited to textbooks, with students gaining access to vast knowledge through digital platforms and online learning. The Indian education system has undergone a remarkable transformation over the years. From traditional gurukul-based learning to a highly structured, policy-driven, and technology-enabled system, the journey reflects India’s social, economic, and cultural evolution. Education has played a central role in shaping generations of learners, adapting continuously to the changing needs of society and the economy. The evolution of education in India can be traced through several significant changes that have shaped learning over the decades. In ancient India, education was primarily delivered through the gurukul system, where students lived with their teachers and learned scriptures, philosophy, mathematics, warfare, and life skills. The focus was on holistic development rather than exams or grades, with learning extending beyond academics to character-building and practical knowledge. With the arrival of colonial rule, a formal, Western-style education system was introduced. This system emphasised the English language, standardised curriculum, and written examinations, which became the foundation of modern schooling in India. After 1947, India focused heavily on expanding access to education. Schools and universities were established across rural and urban areas to ensure that a larger section of the population could benefit from formal learning opportunities. The aim was to improve literacy rates and build a skilled workforce for nation-building. Over time, boards like CBSE and ICSE helped standardise education across the country, creating a more uniform academic framework for students. Policy Changes In recent years, education has shifted towards skill-based learning, digital integration, and holistic development. A major milestone in this journey is the introduction of the National Education Policy 2020, which focuses on reducing rote learning, encouraging critical thinking and creativity, introducing vocational training at the school level, using a multilingual learning approach, and offering flexible subject choices. These reforms seek to make learning more relevant, engaging, and aligned with the needs of the modern world. Digital learning platforms, smart classrooms, and online education have also become widely accessible, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Technology has increasingly become an important part of the learning process, both inside and outside the classroom. Today’s students have access to vast knowledge through the internet, online courses, and global learning platforms. Education is no longer limited to textbooks, allowing learners to explore a wider range of subjects and perspectives. Modern education encourages understanding concepts rather than memorising answers. This helps students develop analytical and problem-solving skills that are increasingly valued in higher education and the workplace. With greater access comes increased competition. Students today often face academic pressure, performance expectations, and comparison through rankings and entrance exams. Digital Dependency While technology has improved learning, it has also increased screen time and reduced hands-on, real-world experiences for some learners. There is a growing focus on skills like coding, communication, entrepreneurship, and creativity, preparing students for global careers and changing workplace demands. Despite progress, challenges such as unequal access in rural areas, stress-related issues among students, and gaps between academic learning and industry needs still exist. Addressing these concerns remains important to ensuring that the benefits of educational development reach all sections of society. The Indian education system has evolved from a traditional knowledge-sharing model to a modern, technology-driven and policy-guided structure. While it has significantly improved access and quality, it continues to adapt to the needs of a rapidly changing world. The modern generation stands at a unique point where opportunities are vast, but so are expectations. (The writer is a tutor based in Thane. Views personal.)

Why is Mamata Seeing Ghost of Bangladesh?

Updated: Oct 21, 2024

Why is Mamata Seeing Ghost of Bangladesh?

Mamata is seeing a ghost of Bangladesh behind the massive outrage and waves of protest over rape and murder of the trainee doctor. And the reasons are many.

It’s been over a fortnight. Yet with each passing day the voice of protest is getting louder and stronger. From the streets of Kolkata it’s pouring into roads of hinterland. The cry for justice for a rape victim has consolidated into a wail of demands to set a lot of wrongdoings right. Here in lies the fear and trepidation. Wasn’t the issue that brought the youth of Bangladesh out on the thoroughfares a simple, innocent one of quota reform?

The chief minister of Bengal, known for understanding the pulse of people better than many, was quick to read the signages floating in the political horizon.

The most obvious reason for her to be tensed is that both the regime change in Bangladesh and the mass protest in Bengal, were student-driven to begin with. The two incidents---end of 15 year old Sheikh Hasina government and turbulence in West Bengal, over the heinous crime, falling back to back, the first on August 5th and the latter from August 9th onwards, give natural scope for comparisons. More so, because in both the cases the movement strayed beyond an affected constituency to include aggrieved people at large, cutting across socio-economic demography. If the quota reform protest started by students in Bangladesh became a mass uprising against an autocratic regime, the campaign demanding justice for the rape victim and overall safety and security of women in Mamata Banerjee’s Bengal soon snowballed into a movement of no-confidence against the government. Slogans--”Mamata must resign” also got floated in social media much in line with the call for ouster of Sheikh Hasina. In fact “Resignation of Hasina” became the single point agenda into which all other fringe demands coalesced.

Incidentally, even before people started drawing parallels, that there could be a thread of commonality in the way the upheaval in Bangladesh and Bengal played out, Mamata was quick to point out that the Opposition were trying to pull off a Bangladesh by politicizing the tragic incident: “A coordinated approach has been executed by the BJP and the CPIM with support from the Centre to defame Bengal and exploit the situation....They want to make a Bangladesh here. They are taking cues from student unrest in Bangladesh and are attempting to capture similarly. I have no longing for the chair. I came here to serve people.”

Not only Mamata, her political lieutenants are consistently equating the turmoil in Bengal with the mayhem in Bangladesh. Cabinet minister for North Bengal development Udayan Guha threatened to take stern action against those, who would be trying to exploit the situation by emulating a Bangladesh like movement. “ Even after the hospital was vandalised, the police did not open fire on anyone. The police will not allow a Bangladesh type situation. We will not allow Bengal to turn into Bangladesh, Guha thundered.

Is the government’s fear unfounded?

Apart from the similarities on ground zero, as to how and where the future course of events are heading to, there are ample reasons for Bengal to mull on-- as to what led to a Bangladesh like boiling point. To begin with, it’ll be appropriate to talk of Bangladesh and the prevailing situation, that made the students’ protest become big in magnitude. The students were out on the streets because of a high reservation in public jobs. Unemployment and stagnant job market in private sector coupled with a high rate of inflation drove the educated youth to rebel against the government.

But soon the students found enormous number of sympathisers, who were equally at the receiving end. According to Bangladesh citizens, the last two terms of the Sheikh Hasina government were a mockery of democracy. Even elections would be compromised. As Hasina grew from strength to strength, she politicized institutions. The rank and file of police owed allegiance to the ruling dispensation. Extortion, harrassment and raids by police and people in power became rampant. An atmosphere of fear and repression reigned and people got restless to overthrow the government.

Politicization of institutions has been happening in Mamata government too. Allegations are quite strong that police in Bengal functions at the beck and call of political bosses. The lapses and alleged loopholes on the part of police in handling the rape and murder of the young doctor have yet again revealed a sense of confused or misplaced loyalty.

But above everything else both Hasina and Mamata governments allegedly seem to have twined in accepting corruption as a way of life. In Bangladesh jobs of primary and secondary teachers got sold at premium, Rs 10-12 lakh in the Hasina regime. Even police had to pay up for prized postings and transfers. In Bengal busting of the teacher’s recruitment scam has revealed how unsuccessful and ineligible candidates got government jobs in schools in exchange of bribes.

Similarities are multiple and inescapable. Mamata has good reasons to be apprehensive. It’s not only she, who can see and connect the dots. People, out on the streets, clamoring for justice, can see a providential pattern somewhere in the unfolding of future events in these two places-- Bangladesh and Bengal. True, they share more than 2,217 odd km of border. They share the same umbilical cord, other than language, culture, ethos, icons. Even emotions are the same. So she cannot take any risk.

(The writer is a senior jounalist based in Kolkata. Views personal)

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