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By:

Dr. V.L. Dharurkar

12 February 2025 at 2:53:17 pm

From Frost to Thaw

After years of diplomatic chill, India and Canada have attempted a strategic reset driven as much by geopolitics and trade anxieties as by a desire to repair a damaged partnership. For nearly three years relations between India and Canada resembled a prolonged winter. Yet, the visit of Canada’s Prime Minister, Mark Carney to India at the start of the Month suggests that the thaw may finally have begun. If the past few years were marked by recrimination and mistrust, the present moment hints...

From Frost to Thaw

After years of diplomatic chill, India and Canada have attempted a strategic reset driven as much by geopolitics and trade anxieties as by a desire to repair a damaged partnership. For nearly three years relations between India and Canada resembled a prolonged winter. Yet, the visit of Canada’s Prime Minister, Mark Carney to India at the start of the Month suggests that the thaw may finally have begun. If the past few years were marked by recrimination and mistrust, the present moment hints at a cautious but deliberate reset. Both sides have shown a keenness to replace acrimony with pragmatism. The chill began during the tenure of Justin Trudeau, whose government publicly alleged that Indian agents may have been involved in violent activities on Canadian soil. India rejected the accusations as unfounded and politically motivated. The dispute triggered tit-for-tat diplomatic expulsions, the freezing of high-level dialogue and an atmosphere of mutual suspicion. For two countries that had long prided themselves on democratic affinity, shared Commonwealth ties and large diaspora links, the rapid deterioration was remarkable. Canada is home to one of the world’s largest Indian diasporas, numbering well over a million people. Trade and educational links have grown steadily since the late twentieth century. Canadian universities attract tens of thousands of Indian students each year, while Indian professionals and entrepreneurs have contributed significantly to Canada’s economic life. These human connections had long acted as ballast in the relationship. But politics, as ever, can overwhelm social ties. Symbolic Weight Carney’s New Delhi visit therefore carries symbolic weight. A former governor of both the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England, he has entered politics with a reputation for technocratic competence rather than ideological theatrics. His five-day visit to India, from late February to early March, was carefully choreographed to signal renewal. Beginning in Mumbai, India’s commercial capital, he met industrialists, bankers and policymakers, emphasising economic cooperation as the cornerstone of the revived relationship. India today is among the world’s fastest-growing major economies, with ambitions to expand its industrial base, modernise infrastructure and transition towards cleaner sources of energy. Canada, meanwhile, possesses abundant natural resources, technological expertise and capital. The two economies are complementary in ways that diplomacy had recently obscured. One of the most notable outcomes of the visit was a long-term agreement on uranium supply. Canada’s mining giant Cameco and India’s Department of Atomic Energy concluded a ten-year deal worth roughly $2.6bn to supply more than 20m pounds of uranium. For India, which is expanding its civil nuclear programme to meet rising energy demand while limiting carbon emissions, reliable access to uranium is strategically important. The agreement will help fuel a new generation of small and medium reactors, which India sees as crucial to its energy transition. Canada, for its part, is among the world’s leading producers of uranium. Renewed nuclear cooperation therefore reflects not only diplomatic reconciliation but also the convergence of economic interests. Previous agreements between the two countries had faltered amid political tensions. This time both governments have emphasised implementation and timely delivery. Trade Boost Trade, too, looms large in the reset. Bilateral commerce between India and Canada currently hovers around $10bn to $12bn annually, a modest figure for economies of their scale. Both governments have spoken of raising that number dramatically, potentially to $50bn by the end of the decade. Negotiations on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), long stalled, have been revived with renewed urgency. Here global geopolitics provides an additional incentive. The increasingly protectionist trade policies of the United States under Donald Trump have unsettled many of Washington’s traditional partners. Tariff threats and economic nationalism have encouraged countries to diversify their commercial relationships. India and Canada, both heavily exposed to the American market, now see advantage in strengthening bilateral trade and investment as a hedge against volatility emanating from Washington. Education and innovation are another pillar of the renewed engagement. Canadian universities are exploring the possibility of establishing campuses in India, enabling Indian students to access Canadian education without leaving the country. Joint research programmes and technological collaboration are expected to deepen intellectual ties that already run deep. Beyond economics lies a broader strategic calculation. The Indo-Pacific has become the central theatre of twenty-first-century geopolitics. As China’s influence expands across Asia, many countries are seeking new partnerships to preserve a balance of power and maintain open sea lanes. India has positioned itself as a leading voice in this effort, promoting a vision of a free, stable and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. Strategic Dynamics Canada, though geographically distant, has begun to pay greater attention to the region’s strategic dynamics. Collaboration with India could therefore form part of a wider network involving countries such as Australia, Japan and New Zealand. For Ottawa, engagement with New Delhi offers a way to remain relevant in Asia’s shifting geopolitical landscape. For India, Canadian support adds another partner to its growing Indo-Pacific coalition. Yet enthusiasm should be tempered with realism. Diplomatic resets are easier to announce than to sustain. The political sensitivities that strained relations in the past have not vanished entirely. Canada’s domestic politics, particularly debates surrounding diaspora activism, remain complex. India, meanwhile, is unlikely to tolerate external criticism on matters it considers internal. Managing these differences will require careful diplomacy and mutual restraint. Nevertheless, the symbolism of the present moment matters. The revival of high-level dialogue, the signing of concrete economic agreements and the visible warmth between leaders all suggest a shared desire to turn the page. In the grand sweep of history, relations between India and Canada have always rested on deeper foundations than temporary political quarrels. If the current reset succeeds, it could transform a once-strained partnership into one of the more promising relationships in the Indo-Pacific era. (The writer is a foreign affairs expert. Views personal.)

Dhaka’s Delusions

Bangladesh’s Muhammad Yunus peddles a dangerous narrative, but Assam’s chief minister Himanta Biswa Sarma is having none of it.

Assam
Assam

It takes a particularly brazen sense of entitlement for an unelected bureaucrat in Bangladesh to claim that his country is the “guardian” of India’s northeastern states. But Muhammad Yunus, the chief advisor to Bangladesh’s interim government, has done just that. Speaking in China last week, he portrayed the region, home to over 45 million Indians, as dependent on Dhaka for access to the sea. Worse still, he suggested that Bangladesh’s geographic leverage could make the Northeast an “extension of the Chinese economy.”


This assertion of strategic condescension did not go unanswered. Assam’s Chief Minister, Himanta Biswa Sarma, swiftly and unequivocally condemned the remarks as “offensive and strongly condemnable.” In doing so, he reaffirmed a hard-nosed approach to India’s national security which is sorely needed at a time when revisionist forces, external and internal, continue to undermine the country’s sovereignty.


Yunus’s remarks echo the persistent vulnerability narrative surrounding India’s ‘Chicken’s Neck’ corridor, the 22-kilometer-wide Siliguri Corridor that connects the Northeast to the rest of India. For decades, strategic thinkers in China and even within Bangladesh have viewed this narrow land strip as a choke point that could be exploited in times of conflict.


Historically, even Indian elements have toyed with the idea of severing the Northeast from the rest of the country. One of the most notorious cases was that of Sharjeel Imam, a former Jawaharlal Nehru University student, who called for blocking the corridor during anti-CAA protests in 2019. His arrest for sedition underscored the gravity of such rhetoric. Yunus has now added his voice to this dangerous chorus.


But unlike India’s soft-spoken foreign policy mandarins, Sarma does not mince words. His response was not just about rebutting Yunus but about articulating a vision. The chief minister called for the expansion of rail and road networks that bypass the Chicken’s Neck corridor altogether.


That Yunus chose to make his remarks in China is telling. His speech played straight into Beijing’s hands. China has long sought economic and strategic inroads into Bangladesh, investing billions in infrastructure projects under its Belt and Road Initiative. The unstated goal is to expand its influence in South Asia and encircle India.


By suggesting that the Northeast should be tied to the Chinese economy, Yunus not only reinforced Dhaka’s growing dependence on Beijing but also signalled that Bangladesh is willing to entertain narratives that undermine India’s sovereignty. This should serve as a wake-up call to New Delhi. While India has maintained cordial ties with Bangladesh, it must not be complacent. Dhaka’s shifting geopolitical calculations require a recalibration of India’s diplomatic and strategic approach.


Himanta Biswa Sarma has made a name for himself as one of the toughest chief ministers in India. Whether tackling illegal migration, cracking down on extremism or bolstering Assam’s economy, he has shown an ability to act decisively where others dither.


Rather than issuing a sterile diplomatic protest, Sarma laid out a blueprint for India to strengthen its Northeast, physically and politically. His demand for enhanced infrastructure is about making the Northeast a self-reliant, integral part of India’s economic and strategic architecture.


For too long, New Delhi has viewed the region through the lens of defence rather than development. Sarma’s approach flips that equation. He understands that true sovereignty comes not just from military presence but from economic integration and connectivity. By focusing on roads and railways instead of just rhetoric, he is ensuring that the Northeast will never be held hostage to geography.


If Yunus and his colleagues in Dhaka thought they could make such statements without consequences, they were mistaken. Dhaka must be reminded that any suggestion of strategic leverage over India’s territory will be met with firm resistance. Sarma’s response should be a template for how India deals with such provocations. The Northeast is an integral part of a rising India, and under leaders like Sarma, it will never be treated as anything less.

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