The Afghan-Pakistan rivalry flares anew across the Durand, echoing colonial histories and etching precarious modern geopolitics.
Few borders are as contested and as combustible as the Durand Line, the 2,640-kilometer frontier that divides Pakistan and Afghanistan. Drawn in the shadow of British colonialism in 1893, this boundary was meant to carve British India’s interests from those of Afghanistan. Instead, it has left a legacy of dispute, ethnic rifts, and geopolitical chess moves.
Now, long-simmering tensions have boiled over once more with the Afghan Taliban targeting areas in Pakistan in response to alleged Pakistani airstrikes on militant hideouts in Afghan territory. Islamabad’s strikes, carried out in Paktika province, reportedly left dozens dead, many of them women and children. For Afghanistan’s ruling Taliban, this marked a breach too far.
The Durand Line, imposed during a time when colonial borders were drawn with scant regard for local ethnic realities, cleaved through the Pashtun heartland. Millions of Pashtuns, the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and a sizable minority in Pakistan, were left straddling both sides of the border. Afghanistan has never officially recognized the boundary, rejecting it outright after Pakistan’s creation in 1947.
The ambiguity has kept border areas volatile, serving as a fertile ground for smugglers, militias, and insurgent networks. For Pakistan, its tribal belt—particularly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan—has become the site of a double challenge: confronting separatism within its own borders while countering armed groups spilling over from Afghanistan.
The fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021 was viewed cautiously in Islamabad. Pakistan hoped its influence over the new rulers would stabilize the region and reign in the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), a militant group with shared ideological and operational roots with the Afghan Taliban. But the honeymoon proved short-lived. The TTP, far from being contained, grew emboldened, launching brazen attacks on Pakistani security forces and claiming areas along the frontier.
The Afghan Taliban, for their part, face a dilemma. They have repeatedly denied harbouring or aiding the TTP, insisting that no group uses Afghan soil to attack Pakistan. Yet the Taliban leadership remains tied, culturally and strategically, to a pan-Islamist and Pashtun ethos that complicates efforts to dissociate from their Pakistani ideological cousins. This conundrum pits their promises of maintaining regional stability against their loyalty to a shared militant fraternity.
Islamabad’s strikes in Paktika last week reflect Pakistan’s frustrations. The civilian toll of the operation, however, galvanized a sharp response from Kabul, whose rulers view such actions as violations of Afghan sovereignty - a touchy subject underpinned by decades of external interference. Afghanistan’s subsequent counter-attacks, cloaked in evasive language about borders, signal that the Taliban are willing to assert themselves more aggressively against their once-close allies in Islamabad.
These clashes risk opening wider fault lines in South Asia’s delicate balance. The recent cross-border violence exemplifies how old rivalries can resurface with greater ferocity when layered with modern complexities like terrorism and ethnic nationalism. With Afghanistan’s economy teetering on collapse and Pakistan battling financial crises and internal dissent, neither side is well-positioned for prolonged hostilities. Yet their historical entanglements and mutual accusations leave little room for de-escalation without international mediation.
China, which maintains influence in both capitals, might emerge as a reluctant referee, driven more by a desire to safeguard its Belt and Road Initiative than by altruism. Meanwhile, Washington, though less directly invested post-withdrawal, watches uneasily as the region veers closer to chaos.
The Durand Line remains as much a fault line of identity and ideology as a geopolitical border. As long as Kabul and Islamabad view each other more as adversaries than allies, the shadow of colonial cartography will continue to darken the region. The Afghan-Pakistan dynamic, rooted in history but inflamed by modern geopolitics, risks pushing the region toward instability. Unless both countries find ways to separate their national ambitions from cross-border militancy, the Durand Line will remain what it has always been: less a boundary and more a bridge to conflict.
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