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By:

Parashram Patil

14 January 2026 at 8:49:45 pm

The Winged Bio-Shield

The Indian swiftlet could help Konkan farmers reduce chemical costs, restore biodiversity and build a regenerative agricultural economy. The global agricultural matrix faces a dual crisis: escalating input costs and diminishing ecological returns driven by over-reliance on chemical interventions. In Maharashtra’s Konkan coastal belt, home to high-value horticultural assets such as the Alphonso mango (Hapus), cashew and coconut, this crisis demands a structural shift towards low-input,...

The Winged Bio-Shield

The Indian swiftlet could help Konkan farmers reduce chemical costs, restore biodiversity and build a regenerative agricultural economy. The global agricultural matrix faces a dual crisis: escalating input costs and diminishing ecological returns driven by over-reliance on chemical interventions. In Maharashtra’s Konkan coastal belt, home to high-value horticultural assets such as the Alphonso mango (Hapus), cashew and coconut, this crisis demands a structural shift towards low-input, high-efficiency biological systems. One promising approach is to integrate the Indian swiftlet (Aerodramus unicolor), a specialised insectivore, into agricultural pest management. By aligning its ecological behaviour with the principles of Natural Farming (Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati), Konkan could reduce production costs, strengthen biodiversity conservation and build a regenerative agricultural economy. Konkan is a vital contributor to Maharashtra’s agrarian economy, but its high-value crop ecosystems remain vulnerable to fluctuating weather patterns and sudden pest outbreaks. The conventional response has been increased chemical pesticide use, with mounting economic and ecological costs. Synthetic chemical inputs can account for a substantial share of seasonal expenditure, squeezing smallholders’ margins. Pesticide residues can also complicate compliance with stringent Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) standards in export markets, while indiscriminate spraying harms native pollinators and can compromise fruit-set ratios. Reversing this trajectory requires a shift from chemical dependency towards biological pest management and the ecosystem services nature provides. Biological Asset The Indian swiftlet represents a potentially valuable biological asset. Unlike terrestrial birds, its physiology is adapted to continuous, high-velocity aerial foraging. It spends much of the day on the wing, catching insects in flight and covering substantial distances in search of food. From an agronomic perspective, a breeding colony could function as a decentralised bio-shield. The source proposal estimates that an individual swiftlet may consume 3,000 to 5,000 insects daily. On that basis, a hypothetical cluster of 20,000 birds could consume 60 million to 100 million insects a day. These estimates require scientific validation, particularly to establish how much of the birds’ diet consists of agricultural pests. Nevertheless, the possibility of sustained aerial insect predation merits investigation, especially during periods when orchard pest populations threaten valuable crops. By targeting insects in flight, swiftlets could potentially complement other biological controls and help suppress certain pests before they reproduce. Their contribution would depend on local feeding patterns, pest species and the extent to which their foraging overlaps with vulnerable orchards. Integrating swiftlets into agricultural policy could strengthen Natural Farming by addressing a vulnerability of ground-based interventions. Practices such as Jeevamrut application and mulching help nurture soil health and root zones, but do not necessarily protect upper canopies from flying insects. The swiftlet could provide an aerial complement to these practices, creating a more comprehensive ecological defence system without relying exclusively on labour-intensive natural pest-control preparations such as Agniastra. For Konkan’s small and marginal farmers, profitability often depends on controlling input costs. Conventional mango and cashew cultivation can involve considerable expenditure on pesticides and spraying labour. A swiftlet-assisted system could reduce some of these costs if field trials demonstrate effective pest suppression. The potential gains extend beyond farm finances. Reduced chemical spraying could limit workers’ exposure to hazardous substances, lower labour requirements and reduce the risk of crop losses associated with pest outbreaks. However, the scale of these benefits must be established through comparative trials rather than assumed in advance.
Biodiversity Dividend The integration of swiftlet habitats could create an economic incentive to conserve the wider coastal ecosystem, transforming conservation from a perceived burden into a productive asset. Reducing indiscriminate pesticide use would help protect beneficial insects, including native honeybees and butterflies, which play important roles in pollination. The extent of their recovery would depend on broader changes in pesticide practices and habitat quality, but a less chemically intensive landscape would provide a stronger foundation for biodiversity. The same logic applies to Konkan’s devrais, or sacred groves, and fragmented forest patches. These landscapes support diverse ecological communities and provide important habitats. If farmers recognise surrounding forests as part of the natural infrastructure supporting their orchards, community-led conservation could acquire a stronger economic rationale. Reduced chemical contamination could also benefit other regional wildlife, including the Malabar pied hornbill. Maharashtra has a potential biological starting point in the Vengurla Rocks off the Sindhudurg coast, associated with significant Indian swiftlet populations. The next step would be to investigate whether carefully designed inland habitats could attract breeding populations and support agricultural pest management. Parts of Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, have developed specialised swiftlet houses modelled on natural caves. These structures, sometimes equipped with acoustic playbacks, attract birds for the commercial production of edible nests. A comparable model could offer rural communities a potential second source of income alongside horticulture. But the transferability of Southeast Asian practices to inland Konkan cannot be assumed. Local climate, habitat, colonisation rates, construction costs and the birds’ ecological requirements would all need careful assessment. The Indian swiftlet’s conservation status and the applicable provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, must be examined before any capture, harvesting or commercial activity is considered. Conservation must remain central to any economic model. To explore this opportunity, Maharashtra could develop a Public-Private-Community Partnership involving the Forest Department, agricultural researchers and local farmers. Three priorities deserve attention. First, scientific research must establish the swiftlet’s diet, foraging patterns and actual impact on orchard pests. Second, pilot projects should compare conventional cultivation with swiftlet-assisted natural farming, measuring pesticide use, production costs, yields, fruit quality and biodiversity. Third, any proposed nesting structures or commercial activities must comply with wildlife laws. The institutional integration of the Indian swiftlet into Konkan’s agricultural framework offers a potentially valuable synthesis of ecological regeneration and farm economics. By treating the bird not merely as a protected wildlife species but also as a possible partner in biological pest management, Maharashtra could explore a new approach to sustainable horticulture. (The writer is a member of Maharashtra Agriculture Price Commission. Views personal.)

India waits to lasso diamantaire Mehul Choksi

Quaid Najmi
Apr 14, 2025
5 min read

Mumbai: India rubbed its hands gleefully as the Belgium Police honoured its request to arrest the absconder diamantaire Mehul Chinubhai Choksi – more than seven years after he, along with his nephew Nirav Deepak Modi - allegedly duped the Punjab National Bank of nearly Rs. 13,800-crores.

 

The scam involving the ‘Mehul Mama-Nirav Bhanja’ erupted in Jan 2018, after the PNB lodged a complaint with the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

 

By then the kin, along with many of their family members, winked and slipped out of the country, leaving a rattled India rubbing its palms in disappointment.

 

A political-cum-financial storm raged, embarrassing the Bharatiya Janata Party government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi a year before the Lok Sabha elections.

 

Multiple agencies launched a multi-pronged probe into what became the biggest banking scam in the past quarter century – and almost four times bigger than the stock market-cum-banking fraud the late Big Bull Harshad Mehta had inflicted on the Indian economy 33 years ago (in April 1992) – when it was just opening up.

 

In Belgium

According to official reports, Choksi was living with his Belgium citizen-wife Preeti in Antwerp, a global diamond hub, presumably for the past 18 months on a ‘residency permit’ acquired through questionable means, for medical reasons.

 

Earlier, he shot to the headers (June 2021) while being taken in a wheelchair to a court by the Dominican Republic's Police on charges of sneaking into the small country in the Caribbean Sea, North America.

 

Interestingly, as the Antigua & Barbuda government initiated the process to cancel his citizenship acquired through an investor visa, Choksi had suddenly gone ‘missing’ till he surfaced in the Dominican Republic.

 

The April 2025 action by Belgium followed a request by India’s CBI and the financial frauds specialist Enforcement Directorate (ED) to nab Choksi as the InterPol had revoked his Red Corner Notice in 2023.

 

Mama and Bhanja

‘Mama’ Choksi is the founder-owner of Gitanjali Group while ‘bhanja’ Nirav’s Firestar plus other companies – and the duo, with some PNB officials hand-in-glove – conspired to make a ‘mamu’ of not only PNB, but other banks, as it subsequently tumbled out.

 

After making a quiet exit, Choksi was detected living in the verdant Antigua & Barbuda Isles (West Indies), then attempted entry to the Dominican Republic, was sent back to Antigua & Barbuda and then went to Belgium where he was nabbed on Sunday.

 

Similarly, Modi was found sauntering on the streets of London and nabbed in March 2019. He remains in jail there since India's extradition is still pending.

 

However, India is keeping its fingers crossed that it may finally lay hands on Choksi, bring him to India and face trial in the PNB scam, though it may take time.

 

Born in Mumbai (1959) and educated in Gujarat, Choksi, 66, and wife Preeti have three children.

 

The Rs. 13,800-crore PNB scam

In the modus operandi revealed after India’s second-largest PSU bank PNB admitted it was scammed, Choksi and Modi used fraudulent Letters of Undertaking (LoU) to get overseas credits or loans from Indian banks.

 

The PNB first informed the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of the fraud and then lodged a criminal complaint with the CBI in Jan. 2018, plus another CBI complaint in Feb, that led to a FIR against Modi and Choksi and their companies.

 

The ED entered the scene to probe the allegations of money-laundering through the LoUs – which they allegedly misused to avail short-term business finances from foreign branches of Indian banks.

 

The probe said that the duo were availing the LoUs from the PNB’s Brady House Branch from March 2011, and over the next six-seven years, managed to get a whopping 1,200-plus LoUs like a breeze with the help of some friendly bankers within.

 

Post-scam, the gold-diamond companies Gitanjali Group and Firestone Group with multiple operations in India and abroad have largely wound up, while some personal assets of the mama-bhanja have been auctioned to recover a part of the dues.

 

ED's plea to declare Choksi fugitive stuck for seven years

Even as absconding diamantaire Mehul Choksi, a key accused in the Punjab National Bank loan fraud case, has been arrested in Belgium, the ED's plea to declare him a fugitive economic offender has been pending before a court in Mumbai for nearly seven years.


Choksi, 65, and his nephew diamantaire Nirav Modi are the prime accused in the Rs 13,000 crore PNB bank loan fraud case. Choksi was arrested in Belgium following an extradition request by Indian probe agencies, official sources said on Monday.


The Enforcement Directorate had filed the application in July 2018, seeking to declare Choksi an FEO and confiscate his assets under provisions of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.


However, the matter has witnessed repeated delays owing to a barrage of applications filed by the accused in the PMLA court and the Bombay High Court alleging procedural lapses in the Enforcement Directorate's plea.


"The court is kept busy with frivolous applications, and hearing on our application to declare him (Choksi) an FEO has been adjourned for the past seven years,” an ED officer had said after the hearing was once again deferred this February.


"The court should have continued the hearing and taken a decision on the future course of action once the application was moved," the officer had said.

He had urged the court to take note of the repeated filing of similar applications and to not entertain them.


Choksi's lawyer had informed the court that the accused was undergoing treatment for suspected cancer in Belgium and intended to file an application in connection with his health.


Under the FEO Act, an individual can be declared a Fugitive Economic Offender if a warrant has been issued against him for an offence involving Rs 100 crore or more and he has left India while refusing to return. Once declared an FEO, the person's property can be confiscated by the investigating agency.


Choksi had challenged the ED's application in the Bombay High Court, alleging that the agency "had not followed proper procedure before filing the application and, hence, it stands vitiated".


However, in September 2023, the High Court dismissed his plea, ruling that the ED had adhered to the prescribed format under the FEO Act. It also vacated a stay on the special court's proceedings.


Despite this, the hearing on declaring Choksi FEO could not commence, with Choksi continuing to file applications before the special court through his lawyers.


While most of these pleas have been dismissed, a few remain pending. His latest attempt to stall proceedings through a plea to recall the notice issued on the ED's FEO application was rejected in December 2023.


According to ED officials, Choksi left India under suspicious circumstances in early January 2018.


Shifting stance

Choksi's counsel has argued that the ED kept shifting its stance on the material grounds for declaring him an FEO and that the suspension of his Indian passport made it impossible for him to return for investigation.

The court, however, rejected this argument, stating that the notice was issued based on accurate information and not based on "wrong facts or mistaken assumptions".


ED claimed the accused left the country under suspicious circumstances in the first week of January 2018.


Nirav Modi has already been declared as an FEO by the special court. He has been lodged in jail in London since 2019.

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