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By:

Dr. Kailash Atkare

24 June 2025 at 1:30:23 pm

Fakira in Translation: Preserving a Revolutionary Legacy

The sublime ideology of translation is aptly expressed by R. Parthasarathy, who describes translation as the oxygen of language, and by Walter Benjamin, who states that translation is not merely a matter of words but of making culture intelligible. This philosophy is exemplified by the eminent translator, distinguished academician, administrator, and humanist Prof. Dr. Baliram Gaikwad through his artistic English translation of Fakira, the groundbreaking Marathi novel by Sahitya Ratna...

Fakira in Translation: Preserving a Revolutionary Legacy

The sublime ideology of translation is aptly expressed by R. Parthasarathy, who describes translation as the oxygen of language, and by Walter Benjamin, who states that translation is not merely a matter of words but of making culture intelligible. This philosophy is exemplified by the eminent translator, distinguished academician, administrator, and humanist Prof. Dr. Baliram Gaikwad through his artistic English translation of Fakira, the groundbreaking Marathi novel by Sahitya Ratna Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe. India has a rich tradition of translation, deeply rooted in its multilingual and multicultural fabric. Mulk Raj Anand explored this tradition in his essay The Importance of English, presenting a perspective free from colonialism. This view aptly justifies the translation of Fakira. Annabhau Sathe was a great social revolutionary, writer, reformer, and people's activist, educated in the school of experience. Fakira, his magnum opus, portrays both an individual and a symbol of resistance against systemic oppression. The narrative traces Fakira's transformation from a victim of caste-based exploitation into a rebel challenging the feudal and colonial order, echoing the spirit of social justice movements inspired by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Deeply rooted in the lived realities of marginalised communities, particularly the Dalit experience in colonial India, Fakira stands as a groundbreaking work. It narrates the class and caste struggle of a hero committed to the welfare of ordinary people while unfolding a saga of social, political, economic, and spiritual awakening through a humanitarian approach. The novel reflects Dr. Ambedkar's philosophy, his struggle against slavery and untouchability, and the spirit of rebellion. Through Fakira, Sathe upholds moral integrity, a strong code of ethics, respect for women, social values, justice, courageous leadership, and the pursuit of freedom. One memorable episode illustrates these ideals. During a raid to seize hoarded wealth, a frightened woman pleads, "Take whatever wealth you want, but please do not dishonour my daughter." Fakira replies, "I am not that kind of man. We are not here to touch anyone's honour. We only take what is unjustly hoarded. Your daughter is like our own sister." Translation is a challenging undertaking, and Dr. Baliram Gaikwad has done full justice to Fakira. By crossing linguistic and regional boundaries, he has made this remarkable work accessible to readers worldwide without diluting its cultural specificity. Translating a work so deeply rooted in regional idiom, folklore, and socio-political context is no easy task. The translator successfully retains the earthy texture of Sathe's prose. Artistic creation, translational finesse, and aesthetic values—the pillars of translation—are reflected throughout his work, enabling readers to experience the emotional intensity and narrative vigour of the original. The rustic dialogues are translated with sensitivity, preserving both authenticity and clarity. The novel stands as a counter-narrative to mainstream literary traditions that have historically marginalised voices from the lower strata of society. Fakira is not merely a character but a collective consciousness representing the aspirations and struggles of an oppressed community. By exposing caste discrimination, poverty, and injustice, the novel challenges romanticised notions of rural life and may be regarded as a precursor to the assertive voice of Dalit literature in modern Indian writing. Although certain nuances of Marathi—its rhythm, cultural connotations, and oral storytelling tradition—are inevitably difficult to reproduce, Dr. Gaikwad addresses these challenges through careful lexical choices and contextual framing. Fakira explores resistance, dignity, and identity, moving far beyond the Robin Hood archetype. The protagonist wages a multilayered struggle against British rule, feudalism, caste oppression, and poverty. Despite enduring caste discrimination, economic exploitation, and humiliation, Fakira and his community fight with dignity, courage, and exceptional nationalist fervour. This layered portrayal elevates the novel from a socio-political document to a profound literary work, while its straightforward narrative effectively sustains dramatic tension and emotional engagement. Dr Gaikwad's balanced use of language, rustic idioms, folk expressions, and region-specific dialect creates a simple, lucid, and accessible English style, making the translation ofFakira a successful bridge between regional literature and global readership. As Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak observed, a translator must surrender to the text. Dr. Gaikwad has fulfilled this responsibility with sincerity, making a valuable contribution to Indian literature in translation. Fakira is a manifestation of India's rural revolution. The protagonist joins the freedom movement and contributes to the larger struggle for social change.
(The writer is an assistant professor of English literature. Views personal.)

The Shape of Wars to Come

A future once imagined by science fiction and Hollywood has arrived on the battlefields of Ukraine, with autonomous machines taking on ever more dangerous combat roles.

When Karel Čapek introduced the word “robot” to the world in his 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), he imagined artificial workers who would eventually turn against their human creators. More than a century later, his unsettling vision is finding echoes not in factories, but on the battlefields of Ukraine.


For years, Hollywood has warned us about a future ruled by machines. The 2004 Will Smith-starrer I, Robot imagined a world where artificial intelligence turns against its creators. The Terminator depicted a devastating war between humans and intelligent machines. The dystopian British television series Black Mirror has brought similar nightmares to a new generation, exploring how advanced technology can spiral beyond human control. One of its most haunting episodes shows robotic dogs relentlessly tracking and eliminating people.


War without Soldiers

Until fairly recently, such stories belonged to the realm of through-provoking science fiction. But the unabating Russo-Ukraine War has shown that robots are no longer futuristic concepts or experimental prototypes.


They have officially entered modern warfare as lethal combat systems capable of carrying out missions with little or no direct human involvement. This week, Ukraine deployed a water drone that transported an unmanned ground vehicle armed with an assault rifle. Hidden from view until it reached its destination, the robotic vehicle emerged and immediately began targeting Russian troops. It’s a striking glimpse into the future of warfare where autonomous machines are no longer imagined on movie screens, but are actively reshaping conflicts in the real world.


For a long time, both Russia and Ukraine deployed only aerial drones. Now, two years into the war, Ukraine unveiled the Magura Sea drones which have proved game changers. This week, it took another leap, carrying out what it described as the world’s first combat mission of its kind. In Russian-occupied Mykolaiv, an unmanned surface vessel sped ashore, lowered its ramp and released a robot tank armed with a machine gun and cameras relaying live footage. The robot tank could be seen firing at Russian positions. The operation underscored how autonomous systems are evolving from standalone platforms into coordinated combat networks. 


According to reports, the robotic vehicle deployed in the operation was the Tanchik Droid 12.7, a Ukrainian-built unmanned ground vehicle armed with a remotely operated 12.7 mm heavy machine gun. Lightweight and tracked, it can traverse rough terrain, operate day and night, and has a combat range of up to 25 km. Controlled through radio, mobile, internet and Starlink links, it is just one of a growing range of autonomous systems in Ukraine’s expanding arsenal.


According to Ukraine’s Defence Ministry, the unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) has been designed for extended missions in some of the toughest combat environments. Built to navigate rough terrain and withstand intense enemy fire, it is intended to carry out dangerous frontline operations that would otherwise put soldiers at risk. The system is remotely operated through encrypted communication links, allowing troops to monitor the battlefield and engage targets from protected positions, reducing their exposure to enemy attacks.


Technological Edge

The deployment of the Tanchik Droid 12.7 is part of Ukraine’s broader strategy to expand its use of domestically developed autonomous systems and secure a technological edge over Russian forces. The Defence Ministry says it has already supplied more than 1,000 unmanned ground vehicles in various configurations to military units. The programme has received funding of over UAH 487 million (nearly $11 million), underscoring Kyiv’s growing investment in robotic warfare as a key component of its defence strategy.


Ukraine has rapidly expanded the role of unmanned systems beyond combat. It now deploys robotic vehicles that function as frontline ambulances, evacuating wounded soldiers without exposing medical crews to enemy fire. Yet while aerial drones continue to dominate headlines, ground-based robotics have quietly become an increasingly important part of Ukraine’s war effort. At the same time, long-range drones have enabled Kyiv to strike deep inside Russia, reportedly disrupting more than 40 percent of the country's oil refining capacity in recent weeks.


Last week, Ukraine struck 14 Russian oil tankers in a single night, dealing another blow to a sector that underpins Moscow's war economy. As one of the world's largest producers and exporters of crude oil and petroleum products, Russia relies heavily on energy revenues to finance its military campaign. Recognising this vulnerability, Ukraine has increasingly used long-range drones to target refineries deep inside Russian territory, including in Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd and Tuapse. Unlike attacks on oil wells, strikes on refineries disrupt the production of petrol, diesel and aviation fuel, raising costs, constraining supplies and eroding Russia's export earnings.


Unlike attacks on oil wells, strikes on refineries disrupt the production of petrol, diesel and aviation fuel that are vital to both civilian transport and military logistics, increasing costs and reducing Russia’s export earnings. The impact extends well beyond the battlefield. As one of the world’s largest energy producers, disruptions to Russia’s oil sector can ripple through global markets, affecting fuel prices, shipping costs, trade routes and inflation, with major importers such as India especially exposed.


Drones have already transformed the battlefield, allowing militaries to strike targets without putting pilots or ground troops directly in harm’s way. Now, Ukraine has pushed that evolution a step further, demonstrating that combat missions can be executed by networks of unmanned systems working together.


The implications are profound. If robots can advance into danger, engage enemy forces and absorb incoming fire, fewer soldiers may have to expose themselves to frontline combat. For generations, wars have been fought by troops physically advancing across battlefields. But that model is beginning to change. A drone delivering an armed robotic vehicle onto a hostile shoreline signals a new era of warfare in which machines, not humans, increasingly take the first step into battle. 

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